What role did Chinese scholars play in the spread of Western learning to the East?

1. Concept: "Western learning to the East" refers to the historical process of the spread of Western natural sciences and humanities to China.

2. Two transformations: the first great social and political transformation--- feudal to imperial system, which occurred before and after the Shang Dynasty and the Qin Emperor and the Han Dynasty; The second great socio-political transformation--- the transition from the imperial system to the rule of the people, took place after the Opium War, and was actually forced to start after the cession of Hong Kong.

4. The stage of the eastward expansion of Western learning: the background of the "late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty": the missionary activities of the Catholic Jesuit missionaries were gradually carried out.

Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China" background: It was gradually developed with military, economic and cultural infiltration after the opening of China by Western powers in modern times.

5. Important historical facts: Euclid's Geometric Originals (the first Western scientific work translated into Chinese) co-translated by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi.

6. The influence (function) of Western learning from the East: The introduction of science and technology after the Western Renaissance introduced a novel heterogeneous culture into the traditional Chinese cultural system, and the exchange and integration of Chinese and Western cultures opened a new scene, which has positive significance in the history of Chinese and Western cultural exchanges.

The first stage: the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty.

Matteo Ricci, known as "the first person to communicate Chinese and Western cultures", came to China at the end of the Ming Dynasty and wrote the "Records of God" in the "Qiankun Tiyi".

Kunyu Wanguo Quantu", co-translated with Xu Guangqi Euclid's Geometric Original

and other works, Xu Guangqi compiled the "Complete Book of Agricultural Administration" with his help

He began to introduce the knowledge of agriculture in the western barrage, which had a profound impact on China and even Japan and other East Asian countries. In addition, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Julius, Tang Ruowang, Nan Huairen, etc. also played an important role;

The second stage: the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, learning from the West.

Beginning around the middle of the 19th century, Westerners began to enter China again, bringing with them new knowledge from the West. Late Qing Daoguang Xianfeng.

At the turn of the Chinese, when they came into contact with Westerners, only a few people of insight, such as Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, began to notice the advantages of Western studies, but basically, they still did not regard Western studies as an academic culture equal to middle schools.

After the First Sino-Japanese War, as China was facing the crisis of national extinction and extinction, many people of insight advocated learning from the West in an all-round way, and Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao appeared.

Tan Sitong, Yan Fu and other thinkers. On the one hand, they learned a great deal of natural and social science knowledge from the West, and on the other hand, they demanded political reform and the introduction of a constitutional monarchy. During this period, a large amount of Western knowledge was introduced into China, and its influence was very extensive and profound, triggering the Restoration and Reform Movement, fiercely attacking feudal ideology and culture, and promoting the emancipation of the mind and the awakening of the Chinese people in modern China.

The third stage: the representative of the New Culture Movement: Chen Duxiu's hunger and balance.

One is also one. The characters mentioned in each of the above paragraphs are representatives of the West's learning from the East, please refer to it!

Economy: The further disintegration of the natural economy and the gradual development of the national capitalist economy.

Politics: The traditional political system has evolved into a modern political system.

Ideology: Ideological change from shallow to deep, step by step; Promote the emancipation of the minds of the Chinese people and promote the spread of Marxism.

The development of education and culture The new type of education and the changes in cultural undertakings.

Introduction and Influence of Science and Technology The development of science and technology and the change of social life.

Changes in social customs, changes in ideology and social life.

In the process of the eastward expansion of Western learning, the most valued and influential Western learning is the social economy.

1. The eastward spread of Western learning refers to the historical process of the spread of Western academic thought to China from the late Ming Dynasty to modern times.

2. Although it can also refer to the introduction of various Western things into China from ancient times to the present day, it generally refers to the introduction of academic ideas from Europe and the United States in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the early Republic of China.

3. During this period, Chinese from Western China, overseas Chinese, books, and new education were used as media, with Hong Kong, treaty ports, and Japan as important windows.

4. Western philosophy, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, geography, political science, sociology, economics, law, applied science and technology, history, literature, art, etc., have been introduced into China in large quantities, which have had a significant impact on China's academics, ideology, politics and social economy.

The basic explanation of the west's learning from the east:

1. The so-called "Western learning from the East" can be divided into two historical eras: the Age of Empires. That is, from the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, it can be called "Xiting Zhixue from the East" at most, because at that time, Western learning did not pose any substantial threat to middle schools.

2. The era of transformation. That is, since the late Qing Dynasty (or "modern times"), the study of Xichana has indeed posed a fundamental challenge to secondary schools.

3. This is the real sense of "Western learning in the East is gradually declining", which means what Rong Hong said: "Western scholarship is instilled in China, so that China is becoming more and more civilized and prosperous." "By using the scholarship of Western civilization to improve the culture of the East, this old empire will surely be transformed into a young new China."

4. Although the Chinese title of "Western Learning from the East" was created by the translator according to his own understanding, which is not the same as Yung Hong's original title, it is indeed an accurate summary of the purpose of the original book, so it is widely accepted.

Economy: The natural economy is further disintegrated National capitalism has experienced a gradual development.

Politics: The democratization trend of the evolution of the traditional political system to the modern political system.

Thought: The ideological change is from shallow to deep, and it is gradually enlightened; Promote the emancipation of the minds of the Chinese people and promote the spread of Marxism.

The development of education and culture The new type of education and the changes in cultural undertakings.

Introduction and Influence of Science and Technology The development of science and technology and the change of social life.

Changes in social customs, changes in ideology and social life.