What are the raw materials used to make glass, and what materials are used to make glass

Generally, it is made of a variety of inorganic minerals (such as quartz sand, borax, boric acid, barite, barium, barium carbonate, limestone, feldspar, soda ash, etc.) as the main raw material, and a small amount of auxiliary raw materials are added.

Extended Materials. The main components of glass are silica and other oxides. The chemical composition of ordinary glass is Na2SiO3, Casio3, SiO2 or Na2O·CaO·6SiO2, etc., and the main component is silicate double salt, which is an amorphous solid with irregular structure.

It is widely used in buildings, and there are also colored glass that is mixed with oxides or salts of certain metals to show color, and tempered glass that is prepared by physical or chemical methods. Transparent plastics, such as polymethyl methacrylate, are sometimes referred to as plexiglass.

Ordinary glass is made of soda ash, limestone, quartz and feldspar as the main raw materials, mixed in the glass kiln melted, clarified, homogenized and then processed into shape, the molten glass into the tin liquid surface floating molding, and then annealed to obtain glass products.

Extended information: Glass is an amorphous inorganic non-metallic material, which is generally made of a variety of inorganic minerals (such as quartz sand, borax, boric acid, barite, barium carbonate, limestone, feldspar, soda ash, etc.) as the main raw material, and a small amount of auxiliary raw materials are added. Its main components are silica and other oxides.

The chemical composition of ordinary glass is Na2SiO3, Casio3, SiO2 or Na2O·Cao·6SiO2, etc.

1. No fixed melting point.

Because glass is a mixture, amorphous, there is no fixed melting boiling point. The transformation of glass from a solid to a liquid takes place within a certain temperature region (i.e., the softening temperature range) and, unlike crystalline substances, does not have a fixed melting point. The softening temperature range tg t1, tg is the transition temperature, t1 is the liquidus temperature, and the corresponding viscosities are respectively.

2. Metastability.

The glassy substance is generally obtained by the rapid cooling of the molten body, and when the transition from the molten state to the glassy state, the viscosity increases sharply during the cooling process, and the particles do not have time to do a regular arrangement to form crystals, and the latent heat of crystallization is not released. From the mechanical point of view, glass is an unstable high-energy state, for example, there is a tendency to transform into a low-energy state, that is, there is a tendency to crystallize, so glass is a metastable solid material.

3. Gradual reversibility.

The process of glassy substances from a molten state to a solid state is gradual, and the changes in their physical and chemical properties are also continuous and gradual. This is markedly different from the crystallization process of the melt, which inevitably leads to the emergence of new phases, and many properties are abruptly abrupt near the crystallization temperature point. With the gradual decrease of temperature, the viscosity of the glass melt gradually increases, and finally a solid glass is formed, but no new phase is formed in the process.

On the contrary, the process by which glass is heated to melt is also gradual.

Glass raw materials are complex, but they can be divided into main raw materials and auxiliary raw materials according to their functions. The main raw materials constitute the main body of the glass and determine the main physical and chemical properties of the glass, and the auxiliary raw materials give the glass special properties and bring convenience to the production process.

1. The main raw material of glass.

1) Silica sand or borax: The main component of silica sand or borax introduced into glass is silicon oxide or boron oxide, which can be melted into a glass body alone during combustion, which determines the main properties of glass, and is accordingly called silicate glass or borate glass.

2) Soda or miscanthus nitrate: The main component of soda and miscanthus nitrate introduced into glass is sodium oxide, which can form fusible double salt with silica sand and other acidic oxides in calcination, which plays a role in fluxing and makes the glass easy to form. However, if the content is too much, the thermal expansion rate of the glass will increase and the tensile strength will decrease.

3) Limestone, dolomite, feldspar, etc.: The main component of limestone introduced into glass is calcium oxide, which enhances the chemical stability and mechanical strength of glass, but too much content makes the glass fold and reduce heat resistance.

Dolomite, as a raw material for the introduction of magnesium oxide, can improve the transparency of glass, reduce thermal expansion and improve water resistance.

Feldspar is used as a raw material for the introduction of alumina, which can control the melting temperature while also improving durability. In addition, feldspar can provide potassium oxide to improve the thermal expansion properties of glass.

4) Broken glass: Generally speaking, glass is not made of all new raw materials, but mixed with 15%-30% of broken glass.

2. Auxiliary raw materials for glass.

1) Decolorizing agent: impurities in the raw material such as iron oxide will bring color to the glass, commonly used soda ash, sodium carbonate, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, etc. as decolorizing agent, they present complementary color with the original color in the glass, so that the glass becomes colorless. In addition, there are color reducers that can form light-colored compounds with coloring impurities, such as sodium carbonate can be oxidized with iron oxide to ferric dioxide, making the glass turn from green to yellow.

2) Colorants: Some metal oxides can be directly dissolved in the glass solution to color the glass. For example, iron oxide makes glass yellow or green, manganese oxide can appear purple, cobalt oxide can appear blue, nickel oxide can appear brown, copper oxide and chromium oxide can appear green.

3) Clarifier: The clarifying agent can reduce the viscosity of the glass melt, so that the bubbles generated by the chemical reaction are easy to escape and clarify. Commonly used clarifying agents are white arsenic, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, ammonium salt, manganese dioxide, etc.

4) Emulsifier: Emulsifier can make the glass into milky white translucent. Commonly used emulsifiers are cryolite, sodium fluorosilicate, tin phosphide, etc. The particles they can form are suspended in the glass and make the glass emulsion.

The main raw materials for glass production are: soda ash, limestone, quartz.

The main raw materials for glass production are: soda ash, limestone, quartz, glass is formed by the melting of sand and other chemicals together (the main raw materials are: soda ash, limestone, quartz), forming a continuous network structure when melting, and the viscosity gradually increases and hardens during the cooling process to crystallize silicate non-metallic materials.

The chemical composition of ordinary glass is Na2O·CaO·6SiO2, and the main component is silicon dioxide, which is an amorphous solid with an irregular structure.

It is widely used in buildings to insulate wind and light, which is a mixture. In addition, there are colored glasses that are mixed with oxides or salts of certain metals to show color, and tempered glass that is prepared by special methods. Some transparent plastics, such as polymethyl methacrylate, are sometimes referred to as agricultural production system glass.

What are the classifications of glass according to the material.

Quartz glass. SiO2 content is greater than that, low thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, ultraviolet and infrared light transmission, high melting temperature, high viscosity, and difficult molding. It is mostly used in semiconductors, electric light sources, optical guide communications, lasers and other technologies and optical instruments.

High silica glass. The SiO2 content is about 96%, and its properties are similar to quartz glass.

Soda-lime glass. With SiO2 content as the mainstay, it also contains 15% Na2O and 16% CAO, which is low cost, easy to form, suitable for large-scale production, and its output accounts for 90% of practical glassIt can produce glass bottles and jars, flat glass, utensils, light bulbs, etc.

Lead silicate glass. The main components are SiO2 and PBO, which have a unique high refractive index and high volume resistance, and have good wettability with metal, which can be used to manufacture light bulbs, vacuum core columns, crystalline glassware, flint optical glass, etc., and lead glass containing a large amount of PBO can block X-rays and rays.

Aluminosilicate glass. With SiO2 and Al2O3 as the main components, it has a high softening and deformation temperature, and is used to make discharge bulbs, high-temperature glass thermometers, chemical combustion tubes and glass fibers.

Borosilicate glass. With SiO2 and B2O3 as the main components, it has good heat resistance and chemical stability, and is used to manufacture cooking utensils, laboratory instruments, metal welding glass, etc. Borate glass has B2O3 as the main component, has a low melting temperature, and can resist sodium vapor corrosion.

Borate glass containing rare earth elements has a high refractive index and low dispersion, which is a new type of optical glass. Phosphate glass, with P2O5 as the main component, has a low refractive index and low dispersion, and is used in optical instruments.

Glass is made of a variety of inorganic substances and a small amount of auxiliary materials, including quartz sand, borax, barium carbonate, limestone, feldspar, boric acid, barite and soda ash. Glass is a silicate non-metallic material, the main component is silica and other oxides.

Glass is an amorphous solid with irregular structure, which is widely used in architecture, daily use, art, medical treatment, electronics, instrumentation and other fields, playing the role of wind insulation and light transmission.

Ordinary glass is generally transparent, and some glasses mixed with oxides or salts of other metals will show color, and this kind of glass is called colored glass.

According to the production process, glass can be divided into hot melt glass, crystal colored glass, glazed glass, polycrystalline glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, luminous glass, etc.

The main raw materials for making glass include: raw materials for acid oxide raw materials SiO2, B2O3, Al2O3, etc.; Raw materials for alkali metal oxide raw materials Na2O and K2O; The raw materials of cao, mgo, bao, zno, and pbo, as well as cullet glass, often referred to as clinker, can be melted at lower temperatures, which helps to melt glass batches.