What are the smallest particles that make up the microstructure of matter

Originally, we thought that matter was made up of atoms, and atoms were made of quarks, but quarks are not the smallest units, and there are smaller elementary particles - God particles.

Quark. In physics books, matter is made up of atoms, atoms are made up of nuclei and electrons outside the nucleus, nuclei are made of protons and neutrons, and neutrons and protons are made of quarks.

A molecule is the smallest unit in which a substance can exist independently and keep all the chemical properties of the substance unchanged. It is formed by the combination of atoms of one or several elements (the general term for atoms with the same atomic nuclear charge number), in a certain number and manner. An elemental molecule, which is made up of one type of atom, such as hydrogen molecule H2, oxygen molecule O2, ozone molecule O3, etc.

Compound molecules, which are made up of several atoms, such as the water molecule H2O, the ammonia molecule NH3 (N is the nitrogen atom), etc. In the molecule, different combinations of atoms can form different substances, such as ch3ch2oh and ch3och3 (c is a carbon atom), although the number of atoms of the same kind is the same, but the former is an alcohol molecule, while the latter is an ether molecule, and the properties are completely different. Small molecules, with only a few atoms; Large molecules (called polymers) can contain thousands of atoms.

So the scales of different molecules can vary greatly. An atom is the smallest unit that makes up elemental and compound molecules. It is a particle that can no longer be divided in a chemical reaction.

It is the smallest unit of matter of an element. More than 100 elements have been discovered, but each element has its own isotope (the same number of protons in the nucleus, but the number of neutrons is different), and new isotopes are being created all the time. So the number of atoms is much greater than the number of elements.

For example, there are three isotopes of hydrogen, which are called hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), and tritium (T), and the latter two atoms play the same role as hydrogen atoms in chemical reactions, but there are more neutrons in the nucleus, so the mass is different, and it is also called hydrogen, heavy hydrogen, and super heavy hydrogen. Together with oxygen atoms, they can form water (H2O), heavy water (D2O), and superheavy water (T2O) respectivelyFor complex atoms, there are more electrons outside the nucleus, and their operation is more complex, so I will not repeat it here.

The nucleus is the centrosome of an atom. It is composed of protons and neutrons. The nucleus is positively charged, and the number of charges is equal to the number of protons it contains.

Its mass, which is almost equal to the total mass of the atom, has a radius of about several 10-13 centimeters (depending on the number of nucleons contained).The structure of the nucleus is being studied, and the rough view is that it is spherical and deformable, both rotating and vibrating, much like the case of molecules. The nucleon (a collective term for protons and neutrons) is the basic unit that makes up the nucleus of an atom.

Each nucleon is made up of 3 quarks. Currently, Quark is still imprisoned in a nucleus, and there is no way to escape. Quarks are the basic units that make up strongly interacting particles (hadrons, such as nucleons).

There are 6 categories called 6 "tastes" of quarksThere are 18 flavors for each flavor, including 3 colors of red, blue, and green. "Taste" and "color" here are just categorical terms, and they have no literal meaning.

As we will see later, in the world of particles, each particle has its antiparticle (the antiparticle has the opposite charge to the particle, or the spin j is opposite).So, the total number of quarks is not 18, but 36. The above shows that although everything in the universe is very different and has different forms, it can eventually be decomposed into several particles.

Matter is made up of microscopic particles, which are molecules, atoms, ions, etc., which are extremely small and cannot be seen by the naked eye

Therefore, the answer to potato pomace is: molecule; Atomic Branch

Matter is made up of microscopic particles, which are molecules, atoms, ions, etc., and these particles are so tiny that they are not visible to the naked eye

So the answer is: particles

Microscopic particlesIt has the property of wave-particle duality.

Wave-particle duality refers to the fact that a substance has both the properties of waves and the properties of particles. Wave-particle duality is an important concept in quantum mechanics.

In quantum mechanics, microscopic particles sometimes show wave properties (when the particle properties are less significant) and sometimes they show particle properties (when the waves are less significant), showing the properties of waves or particles, respectively, under different conditions.

This quantum behavior is called wave-particle duality and is one of the fundamental properties of microscopic particles.

In 1905, Konginstein proposed a quantum explanation of the photoelectric effect, and people began to realize that light waves have the dual properties of waves and particles at the same time.

In 1924, de Broglie proposed"Matter waves"The hypothesis is that all matter, like light, has wave-particle duality. According to this hypothesis, electrons also have wave phenomena such as interference and diffraction, which was confirmed by later electron diffraction experiments.

Advantages of wave-particle duality:

1. Using this theory, he was able to explain how light waves interfere with each other to form wavefronts, and that each point in the wavefront can be regarded as the source of the point wave that produces the spherical secondary waves, and the wavefront at any subsequent moment can be regarded as the envelope of these secondary waves.

2. From the principle point of view, a qualitative explanation of the straight line propagation of the wave and the blind propagation of the ball key can be given, and the law of reflection and refraction can be deduced, but he cannot explain why when the light wave encounters the edge, aperture or slit, it will deviate from the straight line propagation, that is, the diffraction effect. Huygens postulated that the secondary wave would propagate only forward, not backward.

3. Isaac Newton proposed the theory of light particles. He believed that light was made up of very mysterious particles that obeyed the laws of motion. This can reasonably explain the linear propagation and reflection properties of light.

Matter is made up of micro-rulers, such as molecules, atoms, ions, etc., which are extremely small and cannot be seen by the naked eye

So the answer is: molecule; Atom;