What is the composition and structure of an atom

<> figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubits (qubits) by physicist John. Wheeler John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the development of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits) Note: Bits are bits.

For the atom, many people don't know much, the atom is the basic unit of all matter, the atom is very small, take the carbon (c) atom as an example, its diameter is about 140pm (picometer), so what is the structure of the atom?

The structure of the atomAn atom is made up of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the mass of the atom is almost entirely concentrated in the nucleus, in which those negatively charged electrons move at high speed around the center of the nucleus, just as the planets of the solar system orbit the sun.

Nucleus

The nucleus is located at the core of the atom and is made up of two particles, protons and neutrons. The proton is made up of two upper quarks and one lower quark, and the neutron is made up of two lower quarks and one upper quark. Therefore, in the atom, the nucleus is located in the center of the whole atom, and the electrons move around the nucleus at high speed, because the electrons move in different regions from the nucleus, we can see that the electrons are arranged in layers outside the nucleus.

1. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom The nucleus and electrons in turn make up the atom.

2. Atoms are not charged, and electrons are negatively charged; There are protons and neutrons inside the nucleus, the protons are charged, the neutrons are not charged, and the density of the nucleus is extremely large, and the electron mass is extremely light and generally negligible. The volume of an atom is determined by the number of outer electron layers, and the mass is determined by the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus.

Extended Materials. 1.For the first time, Chinese scientists obtained atomic-level resolution images of sodium hydrate ions.

In May, Jiang Ying's group, Xu Limei's group from the Center for Quantum Materials Science at Peking University, and Gao Yiqin's group from the School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Peking University cooperated with Wang Enge's group at Peking University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, to make another breakthrough after obtaining the world's first submolecular resolution image of water molecules in 2014, and obtained the atomic-level resolution image of sodium hydrate ions for the first time, and discovered a magic number effect of hydrated ion transport. The research results were published in the top international academic journal Nature on May 14, Beijing time.

3.Because water is a highly polar molecule, it can dissolve many salts as a solvent, and can combine with dissolved ions to form clusters, this process is called ionic hydration, and the ionic hydration clusters formed are called ionic hydrates. Ionic hydration plays an important role in many physical, chemical, and biological processes, such as salt dissolution, electrochemical reactions, ion transfer in living organisms, air pollution, seawater desalination, corrosion, etc.

4.The microstructure and kinetics of ionic hydrates have always been the focus of debate and research in the academic community. Among them, how to obtain a single ionic hydrate and obtain its stable image are two major problems.

After continuous attempts and explorations, the researchers of the team overcame technical difficulties and obtained atomic-level resolution imaging for the first time, and successfully determined its atomic adsorption configuration by combining first-principles calculations and atomic force image simulations.

For the first time, Chinese scientists obtained atomic-level resolution images of sodium hydrate ions (innovation frontier)-People's Daily Online.