How to make a simple solar panel

Step 1: Make titanium dioxide film First put the titanium dioxide powder into a mortar and grind it with the binder, then slowly coat the film on the conductive glass with a glass rod, put the titanium dioxide film into the alcohol lamp and sinter it for 10 15 minutes, and then cool.

Step 2: Coloring titanium dioxide with natural fuels Fresh or frozen black plums, prunes, pomegranate seeds or black tea, squeezed with a tablespoon of tax, and then put the titanium dioxide film in for coloring, which takes about 5 minutes, until the film turns a deep purple color. If the coating is not evenly colored on both sides, it can be left to soak for 5 minutes, then rinsed with ethanol and gently dried with soft paper.

Step 3: Make the Counter Electrode The battery needs a positive electrode, and of course, a counter electrode. The positive electrode, like the reverse electrode, is composed of a conductive SNO2 coating, and the side of the glass can be judged to be conductive with a simple multimeter, and the conductive surface is rough with a finger.

Mark the non-conductive surface with a '+' and apply a layer of graphite evenly with a pencil to the conductive surface.

Step 4: Add Electrolyte A solution containing iodine ions is used as the electrolyte for solar cells, which is mainly used for reducing and regenerating fuels. Add one or two drops of electrolyte to the surface of the titanium dioxide membrane.

Step 5: Assemble the battery Place the stained titanium dioxide membrane face up on the table, drop one to two drops of electrolyte containing iodine and iodide ions on top of the membrane, and then press the conductive side of the counter electrode face down against the titanium dioxide membrane. The two panes of glass are slightly staggered so that the exposed part can be used for electrode testing.

Use two clips to clamp the battery, and your solar cell is ready.

Step 6: Test of the battery Under outdoor sunlight, a solar cell with an open-circuit voltage and a short-circuit current of 1mA cm2 can be obtained.

The solar power generation system consists of a solar panel group, a solar controller, and a battery (group). If the output power supply is AC 220V or 110V, an inverter is also required. The functions of each part are:

1) Solar panels: Solar panels are the core part of the solar power generation system and the most valuable part of the solar power generation system. Its function is to convert the sun's radiation capacity into electrical energy, or send it to the battery for storage, or push the load to work.

The quality and cost of solar panels will directly determine the quality and cost of the entire system.

2) Solar controller: The function of the solar controller is to control the working state of the whole system, and to play the role of overcharge protection and overdischarge protection for the battery. In places with large temperature differences, qualified controllers should also have the function of temperature compensation.

Other additional functions such as light switches and time switches should be optional on the controller.

3) Battery: generally lead-acid battery, small and micro system, nickel-metal hydride battery, nickel-cadmium battery or lithium battery can also be used. Its function is to store the electrical energy emitted by the solar panels when there is sunlight and release it when needed.

4) Inverter: In many occasions, it is necessary to provide AC power supply of 220VAC and 110VAC. Since the direct output of solar energy is generally 12VDC VDC, 48VDC.

In order to supply power to 220VAC appliances, it is necessary to convert the DC power generated by the solar power generation system into alternating current, so a DC-AC inverter is required. In some cases, DC-DC inverters are also used when loads with multiple voltages are required, such as converting 24VDC into 5VDC.