What are the live and dead vaccines?

Advantages of live vaccines:

1. Similar to the natural infection process, it can replicate and multiply in the body, and the immune effect is long-lasting, and one immunization can produce long-lasting immunity.

2. The immune effect is firm, and local and systemic immunity can be formed.

3. In addition to injection and inoculation (usually subcutaneous injection), immunization can be carried out by natural infection (such as oral, spray, etc.).

Disadvantages: 1. Unstable, not easy to store and transport; Susceptible to light and heat.

2. Factors that may be unfavorable for contamination in vaccines.

3. Affected by circulating antibodies, viruses and other factors, factors that interfere with the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in the body can cause vaccine immunization failure.

4. The potential danger of atavism by virulence in the body.

5. Immunodeficiency patients or patients receiving immunosuppression** can cause severe or fatal reactions.

Inactivated vaccines. Advantages: 1. Stable, easy to store and transport.

2. It is not affected by circulating antibodies.

3. It is safe and can kill any biological factors that may be polluted.

Disadvantages: 1. In the process of inactivation, it may damage or change the effective epitope, which requires multiple injections and booster immunization.

2. The immune effect is maintained for a short time, and no local antibodies are produced.

3. It can only be inoculated by injection (usually intramuscular injection).

Inactivated vaccine is a vaccine made by inactivating pathogenic microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses and rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites by physical or chemical methods, losing virulence but still retaining their immunogenicity, such as pertussis vaccine, encephalitis vaccine, etc. Because the pathogenic microorganisms have been killed, this vaccine cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body, so it needs to be injected with a large dose and a large number of injections. Generally, the immunity produced after one injection is not high, and it takes 2 to 3 injections or booster injections to produce more satisfactory immunity.

However, inactivated vaccines are stable and easy to store. Live attenuated vaccines are made by making pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) under artificial conditions to make them lose their pathogenicity, but still retain their reproductive ability and immunogenicity. After live attenuated drug vaccination in the human body, the human body produces a subclinical infection, similar to a mild artificial natural infection process, thereby causing an immune response similar to the disease, but without the onset of the disease, but the immunity against various diseases can be obtained.

It works in the body for a long time, and often only needs to be vaccinated once to produce solid immunity, such vaccines include polio vaccine, measles vaccine, etc.

There are live and dead vaccines. Commonly used live vaccines are measles, polio, plague, and BCG, which are made from live, less virulent pathogenic microorganisms. When live vaccination is given to the human body or animal body, it can reproduce in a certain part for a period of time, but due to its weak virulence, it will not cause disease, but can make the human body or animal body develop immunity.

The dosage of live vaccines is small, *** small, and only needs to be vaccinated once, and the disadvantage is that it is not easy to preserve. Live vaccines can be obtained in two ways: isolation of less virulent strains from carriers; Through artificial culture, microorganisms are mutated to obtain less virulent strains.

Plague vaccines are obtained by the former means; The measles vaccine and BCG vaccine are obtained by the latter modality. BCG strains were obtained by passing a virulent Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis on bovine bile potato medium for 13 years and 23 generations. Dead vaccines are made by physically or chemically killing artificially cultivated microorganisms.

Commonly used death vaccines include typhoid vaccine, cholera vaccine, Japanese encephalitis vaccine, etc. The dosage of dead vaccine is large, and the human body is also large, and it is generally necessary to vaccinate in small quantities and multiple times, and its advantage is that it is easy to preserve.

After the vaccine is introduced into the human body or animal body by injection, oral or snort, etc., it can produce corresponding immunity, so it is widely used to prevent and control infectious diseases in humans, poultry and livestock.

There are differences between live and dead vaccines, mainly in terms of process manufacturing. Live vaccines are made into vaccines by artificially reducing the virulence of pathogens or by screening strains that are less virulent or non-toxic in nature. After the injection of live vaccine, the process is similar to that of natural infection, which can cause the body's humoral immune response to produce antibodies, and the immune response is stronger.

Therefore, the live vaccine only needs to be injected once, and the titer of antibody production is higher, and the protection period can reach 1-5 years.

Dead vaccines are vaccines made by using highly antigenic pathogens and inactivating the virus by culture, expansion and physical or chemical methods. The dead vaccine does not multiply after entering the human body, and the immunity is relatively low, so the injection volume is large.

Live bacterial vaccines include: BCG for intradermal injection.

Scratches on the skin with live vaccine against plague.

Scratches on the skin with live brucella vaccine.

Cutaneous scratches with live anthrax vaccine.

Live viral vaccine: live attenuated measles vaccine.

Live, attenuated rubella vaccine.

Live attenuated mumps vaccine.

Live attenuated varicella vaccine.

Live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine.

Hepatitis A live attenuated vaccine.

Live, attenuated polio vaccine.

Live rotavirus vaccine taken orally.

Yellow fever vaccine. Smallpox vaccine.

For details, please refer to the third part of the pharmacopoeia in 2010.

Hello, the common ones are polio sugar pill vaccine, BCG vaccine, live attenuated JE vaccine, measles vaccine, leprosy vaccine, measles vaccine, measles vaccine, measles vaccine, live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine, live attenuated varicella vaccine, and oral rotashaped vaccine. Hope it helps.