How do you make a vaccine? How are vaccines made?

The first floor is more easy to understand. Vaccines are divided into bacterial vaccines and viral vaccines, inactivated vaccines and live attenuated vaccines, and can also be divided into protein vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and conjugate vaccines. It's all different ways to divide it.

The production process is generally culture, purification, refining and purification, proportioning, and packaging. Of course, there is a quality check and warranty at every step.

I don't know what I want to know, but it's best to refine the problem.

Film and television dramas are just watched, there is no need to be serious. For your question: AIDS.

There is no vaccine for the virus, and the flu variants every year, and there will definitely be no vaccine when the new species comes out; The production cycle of each vaccine is different, hepatitis A.

It should be about a week, but with the verification and so on, the time must be long; How many people ... There are more people in large factories, and fewer people in small factories. . . It depends on the scale, slow down and don't be in a hurry, anyway, a cow is enough; If...

If the concept of biologists is lower, then they are all biologists; Instruments vary, general cell factories, thermostatic shakers, centrifuges.

HPLC and so on; It generally does not take a lot to draw blood to extract antibodies, and after extracting the antibodies in the blood, the blood can be transfused.

Vaccines developed in the laboratory are subject to preclinical research, which requires animal experiments on rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and, if necessary, monkey experiments.

Under the premise of all animal safety evaluation, theoretically the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine has been ensured, the process is controllable, and the quality is stable, at this time, you can apply to the Food and Drug Administration for clinical trials, and the clinical declaration is based on different types of prevention and **, generally 11-31 sets of information are required, and after multiple rounds of review and qualification, the enterprise can get the vaccine clinical approval.

The clinical trial is divided into three research stages: phase I, ii and phase III, the phase III clinical trial is over, the expected clinical protection effect is obtained, the safety is good, and the enterprise can submit the clinical data to the Drug Evaluation Center of the Food and Drug Administration for registration and production approval. The duration of all clinical trials is generally at least 3-6 years, or even as long as more than 10 years.

Vaccines refer to biological products made from various pathogenic microorganisms for vaccination. Among them, vaccines made with bacteria or spirochetes are also called vaccines. There are two types of vaccines: live and dead.

Commonly used live vaccines include BCG, polio vaccine, measles vaccine, plague vaccine, etc. Commonly used dead vaccines include pertussis vaccine, typhoid vaccine, cerebral flu vaccine, cholera vaccine, etc.

The production time varies from vaccine to vaccine, and some vaccines can take up to 22 months to produce a batch. Vaccine development is a long and complex process that can be costly. Vaccination is the most economical and effective public health intervention for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and it is also an effective means for families to reduce the incidence of diseases and reduce medical costs.

Immunization is estimated to avert between 2 million and 3 million deaths from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles each year. Global vaccination coverage (the proportion of children globally who receive recommended vaccines) has remained stable over the past few years.

There are two types of vaccines for vaccination in China.

The first category of vaccines refers to the vaccines that are provided to citizens free of charge and that citizens should receive in accordance with the provisions of the national immunization program, including the vaccines determined by the national immunization program, the vaccines added by the people of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government during the implementation of the national immunization program, and the vaccines used by the people at or above the county level or their health authorities for emergency vaccination or mass vaccination.

The second category of vaccines refers to other vaccines that citizens receive at their own expense and voluntarily.

When the pathogen enters the body, macrophages engulf the pathogen, and the pathogen components are hydrolyzed to form antigen molecules, which are released outside the cell and become soluble molecules, activating B cells, and B cells react by converting them into plasma cells to secrete antibodies, neutralize toxins or form antigen-antibody complexes to play a role, which is called humoral immunity.

At the same time, the antigen molecule is combined with the special grinding or special molecule on the surface of the T cell to form a presenting cell, which is provided by the presenting cell to the T cell, so that the T cell is activated and various lymphokines (interleukin, granulocyte chemokines...) Exerts immunity. This is called cellular immunity.

The vaccine is to artificially make something very similar to the pathogen, or use the inactivated and attenuated antigen as the vaccine, and after it is injected into the human body, it will produce antibodies without getting sick to achieve the use of immunity.

Repeated application for several generations has no effect on heredity.

The main adjuvant used in the vaccine is my own seedling, and the adjuvant of the Sammet brand used is still very good.

If you want to use the vaccine, you should use the number made by a regular manufacturer!!

Surprisingly, the head of the eggplant is cute.

Vaccine development stage.

After the vaccine development has passed the animal experimental stage, according to the regulations of the World Health Organization, the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, there will be four stages to prepare a new clinical vaccine that takes into account safety, immune response, and human protection. The eggs are extracted by centrifuge into pre-epidemic seedlings.

First, the first stage.

The first human trial stage of the vaccine, which mainly observes the safety and response of the vaccine in the human body after injecting the vaccine into a small number of low-risk humans in the setting of medical institutions, and also collects the immune response of the human body to the vaccine.

Second, the second stage.

After the successful evaluation of the vaccine in the first phase, the vaccine will progress to a wider clinical evaluation through a controlled and protected medical environment, and the second phase will require more funding to evaluate the vaccine for different ages, races, genders and other ethnic groups to improve the safety and efficacy of the vaccine.

3. The third stage.

Phase 3 vaccine development is mainly aimed at experiments on the scale of thousands of people to evaluate the time to market of the vaccine, to evaluate the increased immune efficacy of the vaccine in humans, and the efficacy of the vaccine (1 - IV IU)*100% When it is high enough, the manufacturer or the organization developing the vaccine can apply for a patent with the regulatory authority to prepare it for marketing.

Fourth, the fourth stage.

After the vaccine is marketed, the vaccine continues to be improved according to the use status and human response.

Contraindication. In China, it is customary to divide vaccine contraindications into general contraindications and absolute contraindications, and foreign books and periodicals call contraindications and cautionary use certificates.

General contraindications refer to postponement of vaccination under certain circumstances, such as fever and recovery from illness (equivalent to caution).

Absolute contraindications refer to the possibility of increased probability of adverse reactions to vaccination and aggravation of adverse reactions or immune impairment after vaccination. If the immune system is insufficient (deficient), the live attenuated vaccine cannot be given, but the inactivated vaccine can be given. People who are allergic to eggs should not be vaccinated with measles, influenza and other vaccines based on chicken embryo cell culture.

Referring to the 2003 ACIP recommended regimen in the United States, certain vaccines may be given to adults with certain health conditions. Patients with diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, chronic liver diseases (including alcoholic liver), and heart disease can be vaccinated with influenza vaccine, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PCV), and hepatitis B vaccine; Patients with poor renal function can be vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine; For immunodeficiency patients, pneumonia polysaccharide vaccine and chickenpox vaccine can be vaccinated; People infected with HIV can be vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and chickenpox vaccine.

The above content refers to the encyclopedia - vaccines.

Vaccine stacking requirements:

1.Vaccines should be classified and coded according to varieties and batch numbers, and placed neatly.

2.When using cold storage and high-capacity refrigerators to store vaccines, there should be some space at the top, bottom and around the perimeter.

3.Vaccines should not be placed on shelves in refrigerator doors, and vaccines containing adsorbents should not be placed on the wall.

1) Pre-screening triage.

Wear a mask, check the Su Kang code, ID card, and take your temperature.

2) Health inquiry.

Health Inquiry & Screening Signature Confirmation.

3) Registration area.

Check the ID card and vaccination list, read the informed consent form carefully, sign the informed consent form after there are no contraindications, print out the record of receiving orange calendar and seal it and make an appointment for the second dose.

4) Inoculation area.

Three-check, seven-to-one verification, vaccination confirmation round search.

5) Observation area.

Wear a mask, maintain a social distance of more than 1 meter, stay for 30 minutes, sign for observation if there is no abnormality, and receive the vaccination record and the second dose appointment form.

From the birth of the baby, various vaccinations follow, counting the more than 40 vaccines that the baby needs to receive, is it really necessary?

Nowadays, there are more and more vaccines for the prevention of various infectious diseases, and according to the immunization plan stipulated by the health department, newborns must be vaccinated with five vaccines within 1 year of age, which is commonly referred to as a group of vaccines, including: BCG, polio type 3 vaccine, pertussis diphtheria tetanus toxoid mixture, measles attenuated vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine.

After that, according to different regions and epidemic seasons, selective vaccination of the second type of vaccine, such as Japanese encephalitis vaccine, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine, influenza vaccine, hepatitis A virus vaccine, etc.

Parents need to note that the first type of vaccine is free vaccination led by **, and the second type of vaccine is selective vaccination according to the actual situation, and there is no need to complete the vaccination of each vaccine in a "flowing table".

Typically, a person can get up to two doses of the vaccine at a time, and they should be given on different arms. More than two vaccines on the same arm on the same day should be absolutely prohibited. Also, before vaccinating your baby, you need to consult the doctor if it is necessary or if you can vaccinate your baby.