Why somatic cells in animals cannot be dedifferentiated

Plants can be dedifferentiated, while animals are difficult to dedifferentiate (note: not impossible, but difficult) depends on the regulation of genes.

Genes in plants are easily expressed, which means that they are more totipotent than in animal cells.

Animal cells such as nerve cells (highly differentiated), mammalian mature red blood cells (loss of nucleus), and so on. All are highly differentiated cells.

Humans do not have a deep understanding of the mechanism by which genes regulate selective expression in animals. So probably not, and there is no guarantee that the dedifferentiation of animal cells can be achieved every time.

However, for example, some organ cloning, or some amphibians, reptiles, and more advanced Dolly sheep, there are some successful examples, but Dolly sheep are not healthy. Hehe. (They mostly use egg cells, because egg cells have a higher totipotent type, and their gene regulatory mechanisms favor the expression of totipotency, but how?)

Why express? What genes are expressed under what conditions? People don't know).

Only after humans have mastered the mechanism of gene regulation can they achieve a high probability of dedifferentiation of animal cells.

Plant cells can be dedifferentiated and redifferentiated to develop into complete individuals, and human cells can now be, but technically complex and immature.

Animal nerve cells, human red blood cells, epidermal cells, plant leaf epidermal cells and other highly differentiated cells have very low totipotency, so they can no longer be differentiated and there are some temporarily undifferentiated cells in the human body, such as B cells, T cells, etc.

Dedifferentiation, also known as dedifferentiation, is the process by which differentiated cells lose their unique structure and function and become characterized as undifferentiated cells.

For example, after the excision of the limb of a larval toad, some cells at the wound site are apoptosis, and most of the cells are dedifferentiated to form a mesenchymal fibroblast-like cell mass called the regeneration of the bud base, which is redifferentiated to form a complete limb arranged in an orderly manner from the humerus to the phalange.

However, in general, the dedifferentiation of plant somatic cells is relatively common, and the dedifferentiation ability is relatively strong.

Theoretically, yes.

But it's hard to implement.

In some lower animals.

Such as planarians, earthworms, etc.

can be severed and regenerated.

Successful trials.

Yes.

At the beginning of this year. The United States Japan announced.

Epithelial tissues (epidermal cells and small intestinal epithelial cells, respectively) are transformed into stem cells by genetic technology.

Dedifferentiation or dedifferentiation is the restoration of highly differentiated cells to cells with differentiation potential, also known as stem cells.

For example, the recent research hotspot IPS technology (induced

pluripotent

STEMCELL technology), which dedifferentiates terminally differentiated hepatocytes and fibroblasts through 1 or 4 transcription factors (such as OCT4, SOX2, C-Myc, KLF4, etc.) to form pluripotent stem cells, which are similar to embryonic stem cells.

Of course, dedifferentiation technology also includes stem cell fusion technology, somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, etc.

In the category of high school biology, animal cells cannot be dedifferentiated as a whole, that is, the whole cannot show totipotency, because it was said in the high school knowledge explanation that animal cells only have the nucleus of totipotency, so the method of nuclear transfer is generally used for dedifferentiation. For example, the birth of Dolly the cloned sheep.

Dedifferentiation refers to the return of differentiated cells to the state of undifferentiated cells, which is measured in cells.

After the plant tissue cells leave the mother, they can return to the state of undifferentiated cells under certain conditions, which may be related to the lifting of the mother's restrictions. (Note: It is the mother's restriction on the cell).

Animal cells leave the parent culture and cannot return to the state of undifferentiated cells. When the nucleus of a differentiated cell is removed and transplanted into the cytoplasm of an egg, the nucleus can return to an undifferentiated state, which may be related to the release of the cytoplasmic restriction of the differentiated cell. (Note:.)

is the restriction of the cytoplasm to the nucleus).

a. Animal cell culture does not need to be dedifferentiated, a is wrong; b. Embryo transfer is essentially the transfer of the spatial position of the early embryo, b correct; c. The recipient cells of somatic cell nuclear transfer are oocytes of the M phase, C is correct; D. Long-term treatment of animal tissues with trypsin will also digest its cells, so when treated with trypsin, the time is not easy to be too long