What are the foreign wine cultures What are the wine cultures in China?

China's wine culture includes:Characteristics of Chinese wine culture:

1. The history is long, according to reliable historical documents and a large number of unearthed cultural relics, our ancestors have learned to drink in the middle (or even early) of the Neolithic Age, that is, about seven or eight thousand years (or even ten thousand years) ago, and have a more mature knowledge of winemaking. About three to four thousand years ago, he mastered the technique of making koji.

For example, in 1973, archaeologists found the remnants of fermented yeast shells about 3,400 years ago in the Shang Dynasty ruins in Xitai Village, Gaocheng City, Hebei Province, which is a major achievement of the Chinese working people in discovering and using microorganisms, a great creation that is unique in the world, and a special contribution to the world's brewing technology.

2. Emphasizing color, aroma and tasteChinese liquor pays attention to the perfection of personality, requires the coordination of various components in the wine, and pursues the balance of color, aroma and taste. Wine color is the color of the liquor acting on people's vision and giving people a pleasing feeling. Baijiu is transparent and colorless, such as Kweichow Moutai, Sichuan Wuliangye and Guangxi Guilin Sanhua Liquor, which are like agar syrup and jade liquid, and are light and simple.

The colored wine is colorful and beautiful.

Drinking alcohol is a habit in all countries around the world, good wine, not only will make people happy, but also can play a role in regulating the atmosphere, but each country's wine culture is different, foreigners' wine culture and China's wine culture are inextricably different. <>

In fact, the culture of each country is different, not to mention the small wine culture, because of the difference in food, there are many differences in the methods of making wine in each country, and because of the gap in various ways of table etiquette, the types of wine, as well as the etiquette when drinking, are very different. But in fact, there is no high or low culture, no matter what kind of culture, we should respect and understand. <>

Generally speaking, the common Chinese liquor culture should be to drink baijiu. Baijiu was generally made from rice in ancient times, so it has a very mellow taste, and baijiu is generally a relatively strong liquor. However, the West generally prefers to drink red wine and wine.

This is also related to the local culture of growing grapes or some fruits for winemaking. So in fact, Chinese and foreign wines are very unique, and even when there was no exchange between cultures before, these wines were very fresh for Chinese and even foreigners. <>

And the drinking culture is also very different, for example, Chinese drink liquor, generally take a small cup to pack, but foreigners drink red wine, wine is generally used to use large cups, such as goblets, different cups, in fact, also represents a kind of etiquette on the occasion. In fact, drinking in China is more about drinking all at once, but in foreign countries, because they are mainly to be able to taste the mellow aroma of wine, they are generally drunk in small sips.

However, different cultures have actually created different drinking patterns, and I think that no matter what kind of drinking method and etiquette, it is worthy of respect, as long as it is good wine, everyone can have a good time.

There are some differences, our wine culture usually chooses red wine, and they will gather together, but in the case of Chinese wine, it usually chooses baijiu, and there is also a standard for having a seat.

There is a difference, generally the concentration of Chinese liquor is relatively high, and the alcohol content is relatively high, so it is easy to get drunk when you drink more wine, and then the concentration of liquor is also very high, the type is completely different, and the brewing process is completely different.

There will be different particularities, different fermentation processes, different cultural knowledge, different ways of eating, different histories, and different rituals.

Of course there is a difference. Most of China's liquor culture refers to liquor, because Chinese are very fond of liquor, and liquor culture is also a traditional culture of China. Foreigners' wine culture often refers to wine, red wine, and so on.

Wine culture is an important part of the Chinese nation's food culture. Wine is one of the oldest foods of mankind, and its history began almost along with the history of human culture. Since the advent of wine, as a material culture, wine has taken various forms, and its development process has been synchronized with the history of economic development, and wine is not only a food, but also has spiritual and cultural value.

As a kind of spiritual culture, it is embodied in many aspects such as social and political life, literature and art, and even people's attitude towards life and aesthetic taste. In this sense, drinking is not drinking for the sake of drinking, it is also drinking culture. "The cup is small, the sun and the moon are long", no matter what, people must directly or indirectly have a relationship with wine in social life.

The materialized expression of this relationship is the taste of alcohol. The taste of wine is rich in the wine order, and the wine order is purely based on culture, which is the cultural essence of wine culture.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, the wine order appeared at banquets in the Yellow River Valley. The wine order is divided into vulgar order and elegant order. Chaiquan is a representative of the vulgar order, which is the written order, and is usually popular among people with more cultural knowledge.

Bai Juyi said: "Idle and elegant order poor officials, drunk to listen to the new Yin Sheng orchestra." "I think that the elegance of the banquet is more interesting than the music and wine.

Written orders also include word orders, riddle orders, and bargaining orders.

China's wine culture has a long history. Nowadays, wine seems to be inseparable from the dinner table.

The wine culture of our country can be traced back to the primitive society. The wild fruits collected by the people of primitive tribes became moldy after long-term storage, and then formed the smell of wine. After the initial tasting, they thought that the water that would flow from the moldy fruits was also delicious, and so the sake brewing culture began.

The wine culture of the Xia Dynasty is very popular, the Xia people are good at drinking, the Xia Dynasty has a kind of wine vessel called Jue, which is the earliest known bronze vessel in China, and has an important position in Chinese history. With the economic prosperity of the Qin Dynasty, the winemaking industry naturally flourished. It appeared during the Qin and Han dynasties"Butler culture", the ruler stands"Talk about politics"The height of repeated prohibition of alcohol, advocating abstinence from alcohol, in the Eastern Han Dynasty famous doctor Zhang Zhongjing used wine to treat diseases, so wine also has the effect of harmonizing people, offering to gods and sacrificing ancestors.

During the Three Kingdoms period, the wine was extremely popular"Sheng", the wine style is fierce, and the alcoholism is like life, Mr. Tao Yuanzhen once quoted such a passage when evaluating the wine style of the Three Kingdoms:"During the Three Kingdoms, the wind of drinking was quite popular, Nanjing had the lord of Sanya, and Heshuo had a summer drink. "The style of persuasion of alcohol in the Three Kingdoms is also quite popular, and the means of drinking are also relatively intense.

It appeared during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties"The meandering water flows"The custom of the wine industry has taken the wine route one step further. The wine culture of the Tang and Song dynasties was a great relationship between wine and literati and artists. The prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty led to the emergence of brilliant ones"Wine Medal Culture"The Tang Dynasty was a highly developed period of Chinese wine culture, and the Tang Dynasty wine culture was profound, colorful and brilliant.

Wine promotes poetry"It is the most condensed and highest embodiment of Tang Dynasty culture, wine has stimulated the poet's poetry, thus internalizing it in his poems, and wine has risen from the material level to the spiritual level, and the wine culture has been fully brewed in Tang poetry, and the taste is mellow for a long time. The Song Dynasty invented the distillation method, since then liquor has become the main alcohol for Chinese to drink, the Ming and Qing dynasties can be said to be another peak of China's successive dynasties, drinking is particularly particular"Chen"Zizig, with the surname of Chen Zuojiu,"The wine is based on the old, and the older it is, the better it is"。In addition, the wine path is pushed to a realm of self-cultivation.

The ancient Chinese summarized the role of wine into three categories: wine to cure diseases, wine to provide for the elderly, and wine to make gifts. For thousands of years, the role of wine has been far more than just these three, but at least includes:

Wine to become happy, wine to forget worries, wine to strengthen courage.

In March 2013, foreign media rated the world's top ten favorite drinking countries, the first is the United Kingdom, and China ranks second. Guests come from afar, and no wine is not enough to express deep affection; On a good day, no wine is not enough to show joy and comfort; On the day of the funeral, the absence of alcohol is not enough to cause his grief and bowels to break; Suffering from hardship, and the absence of alcohol is not enough to eliminate loneliness and sorrow; The spring breeze is proud, and no wine is not enough to express your ambition.

In China, wine is often used as a tool. In the eyes of Chinese, wine is more used as a communication tool, so in China's wine culture, there is a lack of scientific and systematic theoretical analysis and evaluation of wine itself, and more attention is paid to the wonderful effect brought by drinking.

Chinese wine culture originated from the brewing of wine, and there are many folk theories about the origin of wine, such as Yidi winemaking, according to legend, Yidi invented winemaking during the Xia Yu period, and there is such a record in the "Warring States Policy"."In the past, the emperor ordered Yi Di to make wine and enter the beauty of Yu. Yu drank and was willing, and then Shu Yi Di was absolutely unwilled, and the wine said that in the future, there will be those who will die with wine';Du Kang brewing, "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Towel Department" is also recorded"The ancients Shaokang first made brooms and wine. Less Kang Du Kang also", this saying is widely popular among the people; Wine-making began in the period of the Yellow Emperor, and it is recorded in the "Yellow Emperor's Neijing Suwen" that the Yellow Emperor and Qi Bo discussed wine-making, and "Shennong's Materia Medica" contains the sexual taste of wine; Winemaking is at the same time as heaven and earth, with a mythological statement"There are wine stars in the sky, and the work of wine is also, which is parallel to heaven and earth"。

However, no matter which statement can be used, the history of winemaking in China is at least more than 4,000 years old, and many archaeological discoveries today also prove this.

However, the modern view is that wine is the product of natural fermentation of grains, and the Jin Dynasty Jiangtong "Wine Message":"The rise of wine comes from the emperor, or Yun Yidi, or Yun Dukang. There is no end to the meal, the surplus is empty, the accumulation is flavorful, and the gas is fragrant for a long time";Fruit wine and milk wine were the first generation of beverage wines, and people in the Paleolithic era made a living by gathering and hunting.

Fruits contain more sugar, which is easy to ferment naturally to produce fruit wine; Animal milk contains protein and lactose, and is also easily fermented into wine. In the Shang Dynasty, the brewing technology of using grain saccharification and re-liquor appeared; In the pre-Qin period, the direct wine-making method of live microorganisms or their enzymes appeared; The Han Dynasty developed koji-making techniques and introduced wine production from the Western Regions; The Tang and Song dynasties began to brew fruit wine and medicinal wine; In the Yuan Dynasty, the technology of distillation and soju appeared; During the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the further development of the liquor industry, distilled liquor with a high alcohol content was rapidly popularized. After thousands of years of accumulation, it has formed a wine culture with Chinese characteristics.

Chinese wine culture is broad and profound, and wine culture is the crystallization of Chinese traditional culture and material culture.

(1) Pour wine.

In general, drinks should be poured into a glass before drinking. Sometimes, in order to show respect and friendliness to the guests, the hostess will personally pour wine for them.

Don't forget to thank the waiter when pouring the wine, but don't have to pick up the glass. However, when the host himself comes to pour the wine, he must raise the wine glass to thank him, and if necessary, he must stand up or bow and nod in courtesy. Sometimes, it is also possible to return the salute with a "bow to the fingers".

That is, pinch the thumb, index finger and middle finger of the right hand together, and tap the table a few times with the fingertips downward. This method is suitable for Chinese banquets, and it is a sign of thanks.

The wine poured by the host for the guests should be the best wine at the banquet and should be unsealed on the spot. There are three points to pay attention to when pouring wine, one of which is to be comprehensive and treat everyone equally, and there is no oil to be picky and selective, and only pour wine for individuals and others.

Second, pay attention to the order. You can start from where you are sitting in a clockwise direction, or you can pour wine for the elders and guests first.

Third, pour the wine in moderation. Liquor and beer can be poured to the fullest, while other foreign liquors are not, and if they are poured too much, it may not be suitable and wasteful. Except for the host and waiter, it is generally not advisable for other guests to pour wine for others.

2) Toast. Toast, also known as toast. Specifically, it refers to the fact that, at a formal banquet, the host proposes to the guest to drink alcohol for some reason. When toasting, it is common to say some words of good wishes and blessings.

At formal banquets, the host and guest of honor will solemnly make a special toast. Therefore, toasting is often an essential part of a wine banquet.

Toasting, which can be done at any time in the course of drinking. Frequent toasts will make the atmosphere warm and cheerful. However, if a formal toast is to be made, it should be done at a specific time and with the primary consideration not to interfere with the guests' meal.

3) Cheers. Cheers, usually refers to drinking, especially when toasting or toasting, in some way, persuading others to drink, or suggesting that the other person drink at the same time as yourself. When toasting, it is often necessary to drink the wine in the toast, so it is called a toast. Sometimes, the toasters also touch each other's glasses, so it is also called clinking glasses.

After the host or someone else proposes a toast, you should stand up with the glass in hand. Even if you don't get a drop of alcohol, pick up a glass of water and pretend to be it. When toasting, raise the glass to eye level, and after saying "Cheers", drink it all at once, or half of it, or the appropriate amount.

Then, you need to hold the glass and look at the person proposing to toast before the process ends.