What are the CNC machinery and what are the common CNC machine tools

The main categories are as follows:

1. High-speed, precision CNC lathes, turning centers and composite processing machine tools with more than four axes linkage. It mainly meets the needs of aerospace, aviation, instrumentation, instrumentation, electronic information and biological engineering.

2. High-speed, high-precision CNC milling and boring machine and high-speed, high-precision vertical and horizontal machining center. It mainly meets the processing needs of large-scale and complex structural supports, shells, boxes, light metal material parts and precision parts in automobile engine blocks and cylinder heads, aerospace, high-tech and other industries.

3. Heavy-duty and super-heavy-duty CNC machine tools: CNC floor milling and boring machines, heavy-duty CNC gantry boring and milling machines and gantry machining centers, heavy-duty CNC horizontal lathes and vertical lathes, CNC heavy-duty gear hobbing machines, etc., which meet the needs of parts processing in energy, aerospace, military industry, ship host manufacturing, heavy machinery manufacturing, large-scale mold processing, steam turbine cylinder block and other industries.

4. CNC grinding machines: CNC ultra-precision grinding machines, high-speed and high-precision crankshaft grinding machines and camshaft grinding machines, various high-precision and high-speed special grinding machines, etc., to meet the needs of precision and ultra-precision machining.

5. CNC electrical machining machine tools: large-scale precision CNC EDM machine tools, CNC low-speed wire EDM cutting machine tools, precision small hole electrical machining machine tools, etc., mainly to meet the special needs of large-scale and precision mold processing, precision parts processing, taper hole or special-shaped hole processing, aerospace, aviation and other industries.

6. CNC metal forming machine tools (forging equipment): CNC high-speed precision plate stamping equipment, laser cutting compound machine, CNC powerful spinning machine, etc., mainly to meet the needs of automobile, motorcycle, electronic information industry, home appliances and other industries for the mass and efficient production of sheet metal and the processing needs of various thin-walled, high-strength and high-precision rotary parts in automobile wheels and military industry.

7. CNC special machine tools and production lines: flexible processing automatic production lines (FMS FMC) and various special CNC machine tools, which are for automobile, home appliances and other industries to process cylinder blocks, cylinder heads, gearbox boxes, etc., as well as multi-variety variable batch shells, box parts processing needs.

CNC lathe, CNC milling, CNC machining center, CNC wire cutting, CNC laser, CNC engraving, CNC EDM, CNC flame, plasma, etc.

Wire EDM, fast wire walking, slow wire walking, milling machine, lathe, EDM, laser fine hole discharge, too much.

Classified according to the control trajectory of the machine movement

Point-controlled CNC machines.

Point control only requires the accurate positioning of the moving parts of the control machine tool to move from one point to another, and the requirements for the motion trajectory between points are not strict, and no processing is carried out in the process of moving, and the movement between the coordinate axes is irrelevant. In order to achieve both fast and accurate positioning, the movement of the displacement between the two points generally moves rapidly first, and then approaches the positioning point slowly, so as to ensure the positioning accuracy, as shown in the figure below, which is the motion trajectory of the point control.

Machine tools with point control function mainly include CNC drilling machines, CNC milling machines, CNC punching machines, etc. With the development of numerical control technology and the reduction of numerical control system, the numerical control system used solely for point control is rare.

Linear control CNC machine tools.

Linear control CNC machine tool is also known as parallel control CNC machine tool, which is characterized by the fact that in addition to the accurate positioning between the control points and the points, it is necessary to control the movement speed and route (trajectory) between the two related points, but its motion route is only parallel to the coordinate axis of the machine tool, that is to say, there is only one coordinate axis controlled at the same time (that is, there is no need to have the interpolation operation function in the numerical control system), and the tool can be cut at the specified feed rate in the process of displacement, and generally can only process rectangular and step-shaped parts.

Its machine tools with linear control function mainly include relatively simple CNC lathes, CNC milling machines, CNC grinding machines, etc. The CNC system of this machine tool is also known as the linear control CNC system. Similarly, CNC machine tools that are used solely for linear control are rare.

Contour control CNC machine.

Contour control CNC machine tool is also known as continuous control CNC machine tool, and its control feature is that it can control the displacement and speed of two or more motion coordinates at the same time.

There are many types of CNC machine tools, and CNC machine tools can be classified in different ways: classification by process use, classification by motion control mode and servo control mode, etc.

Process use classification:

1. Ordinary CNC machine tools: Ordinary CNC machine tools generally refer to automatic machine tools that realize digital control in a process in the processing process, such as CNC milling machines, CNC lathes, CNC drilling machines, CNC grinding machines and CNC gear processing machine tools. Ordinary CNC machine tools are not perfect enough in terms of automation, and the replacement of tools and the clamping of parts still need to be completed manually.

2. Machining center: The machining center is a CNC machine tool with a tool magazine and an automatic tool change device, which combines the functions of CNC milling machine, CNC boring machine and CNC drilling machine, and most of the machining surface can be milled after a clamping.

Classification of exercise methods:

2. Linear control CNC machine tool: In addition to the accurate position between the control points and the points, the CNC system should also ensure that the movement trajectory between the two points is a straight line, and the moving speed should also be controlled, also known as the point linear control.

3. Contour control CNC machine tool: The characteristic of contour control is that it can continuously control the displacement and speed of two or more moving coordinates at the same time, it not only controls the starting point and end coordinates of the moving parts of the machine tool, but also controls the speed, direction and displacement of each point of the entire machining process, also known as continuous control CNC machine tool.

Classification of control methods:

1. Open-loop control CNC machine tools: This kind of machine tools do not have position detection feedback devices, and usually use stepper motors as actuators. The input data is calculated by the numerical control system, and the pulse command is issued, so that the stepper motor rotates a step angle, and then converted into the linear movement of the workbench through the mechanical transmission mechanism, and the moving speed and displacement of the moving parts are determined by the frequency of the input pulse and the number of pulses.

2. Semi-closed-loop control CNC machine tool: install detection components (such as inductive synchronizers or photoelectric encoders, etc.) at the end of the motor or the end of the lead screw, indirectly detect the displacement of moving parts by detecting its rotation angle, and then feed back to the CNC system. Since most of the mechanical transmission links are not included in the closed-loop loop of the system, more stable control characteristics can be obtained.

Although its control accuracy is not as good as that of closed-loop control CNC machine tools, it is more convenient to debug, so it is widely used.

3. Closed-loop control CNC machine tool: This kind of CNC machine tool is equipped with a position detection feedback device, and its position detection feedback device adopts a linear displacement detection element, which is directly installed on the moving parts of the machine tool, and the measurement results are directly fed back to the CNC device, and the transmission error in the entire mechanical transmission chain from the motor to the moving parts of the machine tool can be eliminated through feedback, and finally accurate positioning is realized.

Classified by process use.

Metal cutting CNC machine tools, including CNC lathes, CNC drilling machines, CNC milling machines, CNC grinding machines, CNC boring machines and machining centers. These machines are suitable for single-piece, small batch and multi-mix machining with good dimensional consistency, high productivity and automation, as well as high flexibility.

CNC machine tools for metal forming; This category of machines includes CNC press brakes.

CNC combination punch, CNC pipe bending machine, CNC rotary head press, etc.

CNC special processing machine tools; Such machine tools include CNC wire (electrode) cutting machine tools, CNC EDM machine tools, CNC flame cutting machines, CNC laser cutting machine tools, special combination machine tools, etc.

other types of CNC equipment; Non-processing equipment uses CNC technology, such as automatic assembly machines, multi-coordinate measuring machines, automatic plotters and industrial robots.

Classified by mode of movement.

point control; The point control CNC machine tool is characterized by the fact that the moving parts of the machine tool can only achieve precise movement from one position to another, and no machining operations are carried out in the process of movement and positioning. Such as CNC drilling machine, number according to the coordinate boring machine, CNC welding machine and CNC pipe bender, etc.

Linear control; The characteristic of point linear control is that the moving parts of the machine tool should not only realize the precise movement and positioning of one coordinate position to another position, but also realize the linear feed movement parallel to the coordinate axis or control two coordinate axes to realize the oblique feed movement.

contour control; Contour control CNC machine tools are characterized by the fact that the moving parts of the machine tool can realize the simultaneous linkage control of two coordinate axes. It not only requires the control of the starting point and end coordinate position of the moving parts of the machine tool, but also requires the control of the speed and displacement of each point of the entire machining process, that is, it requires the control of the motion trajectory to process the parts into straight lines, curves or surfaces in space in the plane.

Classified by control mode.

open-loop control; That is, the control method without position feedback device.

Semi-closed-loop control; Refers to the angular displacement detection device installed on the shaft of the open-loop control servo motor, and indirectly detects the displacement of the moving parts by detecting the rotation angle of the servo motor and feeds back to the comparator of the numerical control device, compares with the input instructions, and controls the moving parts with the difference.

closed-loop control; It is a direct linear or rotary detection device at the corresponding position of the final moving parts of the machine tool, and the directly measured displacement or angular displacement value is fed back to the comparator of the numerical control device and compared with the input command shift, and the moving parts are controlled with the difference value, so that the moving parts move strictly according to the displacement amount that is actually needed.

Classification of machine tools by number control.

economical CNC machine tools;

mid-range CNC machine tools;

high-end CNC machine tools;

Classified according to the composition of the CNC device used.

Hard-wire numerical control system;

flexible wire numerical control system;

a. Type: CNC lathe, CNC milling machine, CNC machining center, CNC wire cutting, CNC EDM, CNC punch, CNC bending machine, ......

B. Fanuc, Siemens, Sanling, Guangshu, Huazhong, Guangtai, KND......

C, such as CJK6130 CNC lathe: C represents lathe, J represents economical, 6 horizontal lathe group, 1 represents horizontal lathe system, 30 indicates that the maximum diameter of processed parts is 300 mm.

X represents milling machine, H represents machining center, A represents modification, Z drilling machine, T represents boring machine, M, 2M, 3M grinding machine, Y gear processing machine, S threading machine, B planer, L broaching machine, D electrical machining machine, G cutting machine, Q other machine tools.

d. The principle is: CNC machine tool is the abbreviation of digital control machine tool, which is an automatic machine tool equipped with a program control system. The control system is able to logically process and decode programs with control codes or other symbolic instructions so that the machine can move and the parts are machined.

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Generally, CNC machine tools are divided into 16 categories:

1. CNC lathes (turning centers with milling functions).

2. CNC milling machine (including milling center).

3. CNC cenging machine.

4. Machining center mainly for milling

5. CNC grinding machine (including grinding center).

6. CNC drilling machine (including drilling center).

7. CNC broaching machine.

8 CNC planers.

9. CNC cutting machine tools.

10. CNC gear processing machine tools.

11. CNC laser processing machine tools.

12 CNC EDM wire cutting machine tools.

13. CNC EDM machine tools (including electric machining centers).

14. CNC plate village forming processing machine tools.

15. CNC pipe forming processing machine tools.

16 other CNC machine tools.

The commonly used CNC machining machine tools in mold manufacturing are: CNC milling machine, CNC EDM machine tool, CNC EDM wire cutting machine tool, CNC grinding machine and CNC lathe.

CNC machine tools are usually composed of control systems, servo systems, detection systems, mechanical transmission systems and other auxiliary systems.

Classified according to the control characteristics of the numerical control system.

Linear control CNC machine tools, contour control CNC machine tools, and point control CNC machine tools are classified according to servo control systems.

Open-loop control CNC machine tools, closed-loop control CNC machine tools, semi-closed-loop control CNC machine tools.