Pros and cons of liberalism, what is liberalism

Liberalism is an ideology and philosophy, a collection of schools of thought with freedom as the main political value.

It is characterized by a pursuit of development, a belief in the goodness of human nature, and an embrace of individual autonomy. More broadly, liberalism seeks a society that protects the freedom of individual thought, limits the exercise of power by law, guarantees freedom, supports a market economy of private enterprise, and transparently guarantees the rights of every citizen.

In modern society, liberals support liberal democracies based on republics or constitutional monarchies, with open and fair electoral systems that give all citizens equal rights to participate in government affairs.

Liberalism opposed many of the early mainstream political structures, such as the divine right of kings, the hereditary system, and the state religion system. The basic human rights of liberalism are the right to life, the right to liberty, and the right to property.

Background: Immanuel Kant was strongly influenced by David Hume's experimentalism and rationalism, and his greatest contribution to liberal thought was in the field of ethics, where he proposed the concept of the categorical imperative.

Kant asserted that the system of reception of reason and morality is inferior to the natural law, and therefore attempts to suppress the natural law are bound to fail. His idealism exerted increasing influence, and he claimed that there were more important truths at the foundation of his cognitive system.

First, the content is different.

1. Utilitarianism: also known as "utilitarianism" and "utilitarianism", it usually refers to an ethical doctrine that takes actual efficacy and imitation or benefit as the moral standard.

2. Liberalism: It is a kind of ideology and philosophy, and it is a collection of a series of schools of thought with the main political value of calling for freedom.

Second, the meaning is different.

1. Utilitarianism: The influence of utilitarianism is very extensive. It is of particular importance in the fields of law, political science, and economics.

For example, in terms of punishment, utilitarianism opposes the "retribution" theory of "one reward for another". Utilitarians believe that the rationale for punishment is to avoid more criminal behavior by reforming criminals or protecting society from being destroyed by criminals.

2. Liberalism: In a broad sense, liberalism pursues a society that protects the freedom of individual thought, restricts the use of power by law, guarantees the concept of freedom, supports a market economy of private enterprise, and a transparent political system to protect the rights of minorities.

Overview of Modern Liberal Thought in China In the first half of the 20th century, it was a period of transition when the crisis of capitalist civilization was in full swing and neoliberal theory and the neo-capitalist civilization of the 20th century were about to take shape but not take shape. From the beginning of the 20th century, China, which was part of the global expansion of capitalism, also maintained close ties with the world at the level of social thought. Since the 20th century, Chinese society has gradually opened up, and China's academic and cultural circles have gradually shown a pattern of pluralism, and various trends of thought, theories, and schools of thought have emerged in large numbers.

Contemporary Chinese liberalism draws on two kinds of ideological resources: the Western idea of liberalism and the liberal tradition of modern China. Although liberal disturbance is not a completely unified doctrine, it still has a certain internal unity, such as the basic principles of liberalism: individualism, freedom, equality, democracy, etc.

In its more than 300 years of development, liberalism has gradually acquired four connotations: 1 Political liberalism, opposition to absolutism, struggle for the political rights of the individual, and struggle for constitutionalism**. 2 Economic liberalism, the cornerstones of which are private property, a market economy, and less state intervention and control over the economy.

3 Social liberalism, with a focus on social justice and the basic right to life for the weak. 4 Philosophical liberalism, which emphasizes the value and rights of the individual and adheres to the view of the supremacy of the individual. Liberalism in modern China has never been baptized by the knowledge of Western classical liberalism, and since the May Fourth period, it has shown obvious neoliberal tendencies, trying to reconcile liberalism and socialism to a certain extent.

This tendency was not only influenced by the neo-liberalism of the West at that time.

There are a few that can be cited. The main ones are these eleven kinds.

All of this is a manifestation of liberalism.

Liberalism in the collective organization of the revolution is very pernicious. It is a corrosive agent that makes unity slackened, relations lax, work negatively, and opinions divided. As a result, the revolutionary ranks lost their strict organization and discipline, their policies could not be carried out to the end, and the Party organizations were isolated from the masses under the leadership of the Party.

This is a serious bad tendency.

The first thing in liberalism lies in the selfishness of the petty bourgeoisie, which puts personal interests first and revolutionary interests second, thus giving rise to ideological, political, and organizational liberalism.

Liberals view the principles of Marxism in abstract dogma. They are in favor of Marxism, but they are not prepared to put it into practice, or they are not ready to put it into full practice, and they are not prepared to replace their liberalism with Marxism. These people, Marxism exists, and liberalism also exists:

It is Marxism that speaks, and what it does is liberalism; It is Marxism for others and liberalism for oneself. Both are available in their own way, each with its own use. This is the way some people think.