What Descartes called rationalism as foundationalism .

The answer to the question "What nature did Descartes establish in general?" is: self-nature.

Descartes was born in 1596 and died in 1650, a period when King Li Chuang's rebellion in China alternated with the Ming and Qing dynasties, and Europe was making great strides into modern times on all fronts. Under the tide of this era, Descartes consciously and purely embarked on the road of philosophical contemplation, and his pioneering ideas and their influence on later generations made him deservedly known as the "father of modern philosophy".

The disadvantages of Scholasticism's lack of foundation, and Descartes' own influence on the clarity of his mathematical thoughts, led him to pursue a clear and solid philosophical foundation as the starting point of his philosophical contemplation. He likened metaphysics to the roots of a tree, physics to the trunk of a tree, and the other disciplines of science (medicine, mechanics, and morality) to branches.

It is precisely because of this that philosophy became the main question of his thinking, and he shut himself in a room with a "small stove" to meditate in the bitter winter, "I was alone in a conservatory all day, and I had plenty of leisure to deal with my own thoughts". "Any opinion, as long as I can imagine the slightest suspicion, should be discarded as absolutely false, and see if there is anything left in my mind after such a cleansing that is completely undoubted."

I doubted everything again, and finally came to the conclusion that everything else is questionable except that I am doubting and cannot be doubted, and then comes to the famous conclusion that "I think, therefore I am".

He said, "Since God has given each of us a natural mind to distinguish between truth and falsehood, I feel that I should not have a moment to be satisfied with the opinions of others, but to make up my mind to use my own judgment to examine the opinions of others when the conditions are ripe; I must not just follow other people's opinions in a so-so way, I just hope that I will not miss any opportunity to find out as good as possible."

The result of doubt is "I am the mind," the first solid and reliable principle, from which the whole world can be deduced. What does "I am the mind" mean? Descartes said, "I have come to know that I am an ontology, and its whole essence or nature is only thought", and the "thought" here refers to the spirit, including reason, will, emotion, feeling, etc., that is, the whole subjective world of man, and in this way, man becomes a pure consciousness without objective form and without taking up space.

1. Similarities.

Both Descartes and Spinoza belong to the theory of Spirituality.

2. Differences.

Descartes was idealistic and theoretical.

Descartes believed that there are two entities in the world, the material entity and the spiritual entity. Descartes treated the two separately, and his philosophy was typical of the dualism of mind and object.

Spinoza is materialistic and theoretical.

Spinoza believed that God, nature, and substance are the same thing, but they are called or called differently, and that mind and matter, matter and spirit are one and the same, and thus his philosophy as a whole should belong to materialist monism.

Descartes and Spinoza's.

Common denominator of philosophical views: Both philosophers belong to the Sophobia. The difference between the philosophical views of Descartes and Spinoza:

Descartes was idealistic and Spinoza was materialist. Descartes was the father of modern science. Descartes was one of the founders of modern European philosophy.

He founded analytic geometry and was the first to apply algebraic methods to geometry. Descartes' epistemology is theoretical, and he believed that people have innate ideas, also known as innate ideas. He valued the method of pursuing knowledge, not the experimental method, but the deductive reasoning of mathematics.

He believed that only knowledge derived from unmistakable axioms, like mathematics, was reliable, and that all knowledge obtained directly or indirectly from sensory experience was unreliable. Only subjective clarity is the criterion of truth, and Descartes' criterion of truth led him to the conclusion of the existence of the soul. "I think, therefore I am"。

Descartes believed that the idea of subjective understanding is not inherent in human practical experience, but inherent in human reason, and is human"Perceptions"。