What does it mean to have a large number of circles next to a vertical book in ancient books?

It should mean that it is well written, and engraving printing originated in the Tang Dynasty, and after the Song Dynasty, it became an important way of traditional Chinese book production and production. Earlier engravings, which could only be printed in one color at a time, were called"Single printing";If several pieces of layout with exactly the same specifications are painted with different colors on different parts and repeatedly superprinted, it can produce two-color, three-color, four-color, or even five-color effects, which is called"Overprint";A book printed with the technique of overprinting is called"Overprint"It is the most characteristic color printing technique in ancient China. Movable type printing.

It is made of copper or wood to make independent fonts, and then put together into a layout for printing (Figure 4 "Imperial Mathematical Essence", Qianlong Emperor.

The book printed with movable type in the palace is called"Collector's Edition"。Lithographic printing is a Western technology, which was introduced to China at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and because of its advantages of speed and low price, it quickly became popular. <>

With the development of China's book industry, the nature of books in the Spring and Autumn Period was biased towards official archives, and in the Warring States Period, books were transformed into a medium for disseminating knowledge, and private collections began to exist. Qin Shi Huang unified China and implemented"The book is the same text"The policy of moving part of the private collection of books into the court and ** institutions, and carrying out book burning and pit Confucianism, is a dark period for the development of Chinese books. Hanxing, the book industry is slowly recovering.

In the Sui and Tang dynasties, under the influence of the imperial examination system, the writing of books was extremely prosperous, and the collation of books by the official family reached a peak; Engraving and printing also came into being, and China's book industry entered a new situation. The Two Song Dynasty was an important period for the development of China's book industry, and the practice of compiling, engraving, and collecting books flourished, and books were compiled and printed in parallel by the government, private households, and the community. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial court dominated the compilation of books with abundant financial, material and human resources, and at the beginning of the 20th century, the introduction of Western printing technology ushered in a new stage in China's book industry.

Buy a copy of "Huang Kan's Hand Criticism of the Thirteen Classics of Baiwen" to study the previous symbol (zhi to sound) instructions, delve into the method of inner text circles, buy a gel pen, use a red refill, I use Chenguang's, refill model MG-6139 red. I'm not advertising, that's what I've learned a lot of. Dan scarf.

You can also mark the names of people, places, books, divide paragraphs, and read paragraphs.

At the end of the sentence is the full stop, the solid is the focus, and the hollow is the outline.

That circle is to indicate that the name of the person becomes the name of the place, it is difficult to read the vertical arrangement, read the broken sentence carefully, there are many general modal words, and the modal words are broken after the modal words, such as the Yanxi and the like.

Look at it slowly, most of the places where the sentences are broken appear in the form of modal words, and if the ancient language ability is okay, reading aloud can be roughly judged. Don't worry, after all, ancient books are different from vernacular texts, be patient.

If you look dazzled, you can cover it with that long strip of things, so that you won't read it wrong.,Hehe.,A little experience.。。 Hope it helps a little

Well, you can check the annotated version of those books, there should be a sentence to read, but it's best to read this kind of book or break the sentence yourself, the day the sentence is all right, that day it shows that your ancient literacy level will be home. I remember that Wu Mi used to teach people to learn ancient texts, that is, to take a copy of "Shuowen" to that person, and ask that person to break sentences, and after doing this three times, that person became a famous person. Circles on the edges...

Well, it is generally a footnote to the annotations of the ancients... But it's not like ...

Those circles are where you need to pause, a bit like a Buddhist scripture. Then there are those mood particles that are also paused, indicating an end of meaning.

Our current writing habits are very different from the order in which ancient Chinese characters were arranged vertically to the left. In fact, from ancient times to the present, the order in which various characters are written around the world is different, and it is generally divided into three types: left, right, and down, which have been preserved to this day. Left row, such as English, etc.; Right rows, such as Arabic, Hebrew, etc.; Descending to traditional Mongolian, ancient Chinese printing, sometimes Japanese, etc.

These three ways of writing originated from different worldviews and writing habits. For example, it is written from right to left, and it is said that it corresponds to the direction of the gods, with the North Star as the center, and the sun rises in the east (right) and does not rise in the west (left). This style of writing originated very early and has been preserved in the Semitic language families to this day.

The Greek alphabet was inherited from the Semitic alphabet (Phoenicia), which was originally written from right to left, but later it was reversed, presumably because writing with the right hand would block the eyes when writing from right to left. There is a transition period for this change. At this stage, the Greek script practiced a period of "ox farming", that is, one line to the right, one line to the left, and even the order of the lines from the bottom up.

By about 500 B.C., it was basically fixed in the order of the right line down that is now in pass. In ancient times, Chinese characters were written in a straight line, with very few exceptions. The origin of this order is closely related to the writing material.

In ancient times, the popular writing materials were bamboo slips and wooden slips, and their textures were mostly longitudinal, usually written in single lines. People used to hold a long, narrow object vertically and write all the way down. And because the left hand holds the Jane, the right hand holds the pen, and after writing, it is placed on the right hand side in order, and the left hand goes to take the new Jane and starts writing, forming the habit of writing first up and then down, from left to right.

The sleeves of the ancients were as long as they are today, and if they were on the right, they would have been dirty.

Hello, the proper name number of the vertical book (the vertical line that marks the name of the person, the name of the place, etc.) should be marked on the left side of the text.

The current transformer is three coils set on three phase wires, according to the principle of electromagnetic induction, through the large current in the phase line to induce a smaller current, so as to access the measuring instrument to detect the current change in the phase line.

It means a terminal block or a binding post.

...It is used for the measurement, metering, protection, etc. of electric current.