What do the helong and lianheng refer to in the late Warring States period?

The essence of the horizontal and vertical is the diplomatic and military struggle carried out by the major powers in order to win over other countries during the Warring States Period. It is used to prevent the annexation of strong countries by strong countries, and there are similarities between the "continental balance of power" pursued by modern Europe. It is that the countries in the north and south unite to deal with the strong countries and prevent the Qin and Qi states from annexing the weak countries; Lianheng is "one strong thing to attack the weak", that is, to follow the strong country to attack other weak countries.

It is the Qin State or the Qi State that co-opts some countries to jointly attack some other weak countries.

Originally, Hezong was a joint resistance of weak countries against Qin, that is, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Chu, and Yan at that time. Lian Heng was Qin to recruit some of the weak countries to attack other weak countries. Another theory is that the north and the south are united vertically, and the east and west are horizontal.

The purpose of the joint column was to unite many weak countries to resist a strong country in order to prevent the annexation of the powerful country, and the purpose of the joint horizontal was to serve a strong country as a backer to attack other weak countries to achieve the purpose of annexation and expansion of land, and the famous columnists at that time included Su Qin, Zhang Yi and Gongsun Yan.

In 318 BC, Gongsun Yan united the five kingdoms of Wei, Zhao, Han, Yan, and Chu to attack Qin. The people of the time said: "Gongsun Yan and Zhang Yi are not sincere husbands!"

When you are angry, the princes are afraid, and you live in peace and the world is extinguished. Later, Su Qin and Zhao's Fengyang Jun Li Dui also united the Five Kingdoms to attack Qin in 287 BC, forcing Qin to abolish the emperor's title, which had a great impact. However, Zhang Yi's strategy of connecting and crossing in Qin achieved greater success, enabling King Hui of Qin to "pull out the land of Sanchuan, annex Bashu in the west, collect Shangjun in the north, and take Hanzhong in the south", and "disperse the subordinates of the six kingdoms (vertical) to make them serve Qin in the west" ("Historical Records: The Biography of Li Silie"), and truly achieved the goal of annexing land through the implementation of the policy of connecting and horizontal.

The struggle between the vertical and the horizontal struggles met the needs of the development of the situation in the Warring States period and had a great impact on the politics of various countries.

Combining vertical and horizontal is a foreign policy advocated and promoted by the Zongheng family during the Warring States Period.

He Zongheng is referred to as Zongheng, and the foreign and military policies advocated and implemented by the Zongheng family during the Warring States Period. Gongsun Yan initiated it first, and Su Qin lobbied the six countries to promote the six countries to finally complete the joint resistance against Qin. Qin is in the west, and the six countries are in the east, so the land of the six countries is connected to the north and south, so it is called Hezhong; As opposed to the conjunction.

The Later Qin State made friends with the princes from west to east, and it was horizontal from west to east, so it was called "Lianheng".

In the end, because the G6 had their own evil intentions and always put their own interests first, the side of the alliance won the victory. Despite this, the powerful Qin State did not dare to underestimate the alliance of the Six Kingdoms for a long time, and to a certain extent, it countered the ambition of the Qiang Qin to annex the Six Kingdoms.

Department of famous Zhang Yi, Su Qin's classmate and friend, according to legend, was after the nobles of Wei during the Warring States Period. Worship with Su Qin under Mr. Guiguzi's door. After Su Qin created the method of cooperation and longitudinalization, and persuaded the six countries to join forces to resist Qin, Zhang Yi used the technique of connecting and horizontally lobbied the six countries to pro-Qin and dismantle the alliance.

and Zhang Yi performed the scene of "chaos" at the end of the Warring States Period.

After the reform of the law, the national power of the Qin State grew rapidly. Among the vassal states of Shandong, the state of Wei had already declined, and the easternmost state of Qi was comparable to the state of Qin. Due to the contiguous territory, the conflicts between the major powers are intensifying.

Both Qi and Qin were vying for allies in order to isolate their enemies. Under this situation, the Han, Wei, and Zhao countries had a struggle between the United Qin and the United Qi against the Qin, thus combining vertical and horizontal activities.

During the Warring States Period, the representative figures of the joint vertical and horizontal were Gongsun Yan of the Wei State, Zhang Yi and Fan Sui, Dun Liang and Yao Jia of the Qin State, and Su Qin and Su Dai brothers of the Yan State. Their activities are often of a strategic nature, and have a huge impact and direct stake on the survival of the country and the victory or defeat of the army.

After the Battle of Maling, the Wei state declined, and the Qi state became stronger. At this time, the Qin State in the West, due to the success of the Shang Dynasty reform, was rising rapidly. Therefore, after the decline of Wei, there was a situation of confrontation between the two powers of Qi and Qin.

In order to win allies and defeat the other side, Qi and Qin continued to carry out military struggles at the same time, and also engaged in vertical and horizontal diplomatic struggles. What is Collaboration? The joint vertical is the joint resistance of the six eastern countries against Qin, ("the united vertical is weak to attack the strong").

This kind of union is geographically a vertical union from south to north, so it is called "joint vertical".The first to rise up and implement the policy of cooperation and longitudinal was the Wei people who rented Gongsun Yan in the spring. However, he didn't achieve much success without Lao Yan.

Later, the most important representative of the policy was Su Qin Pa Hanzhao (a native of Luoyang).Su Qin traveled between many countries in the East, wearing the seal of the six countries, and under the impetus of his lobbying, the countries of the East once joined forces to attack Qin, forcing Qin to spit out some occupied places, so that Qin suffered a certain setback. What is Horizontal?

Lian Heng is to persuade one country to help Qin attack other countries ("one thing is strong to attack the weak").This combination is a horizontal connection between the Qin state in the west and the countries in the east, so it is called a horizontal connection. The representative of the Lianheng policy was Zhang Yi, a native of Wei.

The Qin State used Zhang Yi as the prime minister and asked him to implement the policy of continuous transversity. At that time, the two great powers of Qi and Chu in the east formed an alliance, and if Qin wanted to compete with Qi, it must first destroy the Qi-Chu alliance. One of the most successful of Zhang Yi's policy was to destroy the Qichu Alliance.

The struggle lasted for a long time. For a while, the countries joined the alliance, united with the Chu State, formed an alliance with the Qi State, and then hugged the Qin State together, and the Qin and Chu were capricious. This is how the idiom of "Chao Qin and Twilight Chu" came from.

However, although the struggle was very complicated and the situation was changing, the general trend of the development of the situation was clear, that is, in the continuous military struggle and the complicated vertical and horizontal struggle, the Chu and Qi states declined one after another, while the Qin state became stronger and stronger.