How are craters on the moon formed?

If you look at the surface of the moon with an astronomical telescope, you will find that on the surface of the moon, in addition to many mountains and large plains, there are many circles of different sizes, what are these circles?

These circles are craters on the Moon. In the hemisphere that we can observe, there are as many as 300,000 craters with a diameter of more than 1 kilometer, and some craters can be as many as 300 kilometers in diameter.

Some scientists believe that there was once a violent volcanic eruption on the moon, and after the material ejected from it solidified, the current crater was formed. Because the moon has very little gravity on the surface and volcanic eruptions are large, huge craters are formed.

Some scientists believe that because there is no air on the moon, meteorites can directly hit the surface of the moon, and the material that bursts out of the collision is piled up to become the current craters. Through their observations, they also found that these craters generally have "radial lines" that stretch several kilometers in all directions. They speculate that this is due to the fact that the material that erupts after the meteorite impact has no air resistance, and some of it splashes very far and spills on the surface of the moon.

Why do lunar eclipses always occur at the time of the full moon?

A lunar eclipse is a natural phenomenon in which the light from the sun to the moon is partially or completely obscured by the earth when the sun, the earth, and the moon are exactly or almost in the same straight line (the earth is between the sun and the moon). According to the extent to which the moon is occluded, there are three types of lunar eclipses: total lunar eclipses, partial lunar eclipses, and penumbral lunar eclipses.

For a lunar eclipse to occur, the Moon must be in the Earth's opposite direction (i.e., the direction in which the Earth's shadow is located), i.e., on an extension of the Sun-Earth line. In a synodic month, the moon is only likely to be in the direction of the Earth's shadow if it is the day of the "hope". Therefore, a full moon is necessary for a lunar eclipse to occur.

How are lunar craters formed?

The reasons for this formation are:

1. The crater on the moon, the first way to form is to jet the moon Soon after the formation of the moon, the high-heat lava and gas inside the moon break through the surface layer and eject out like a volcanic eruption on the earth, they begin to be more powerful, the lava erupts high and far, and the outside of the accumulation nozzle forms a crater, and then the power of the branch grip jet gradually decreases violently, and the jet accumulation is only at the bottom of the mountain, forming a small peak, which is the peak in the crater, and some of the jets are extinguished earlier, or there is no ** peak again;

2. The crater on the moon, the second way of formation is meteoroid and meteorite impact, because there is no thick atmosphere on the surface of the moon, and the air will not slow down when the meteorite falls to the surface of the early moon, but will accelerate, so the impact force is very large, which provokes fluctuations on the surface of the early moon to form a crater, and because there is no weathering of air and water vapor, it retains the traces of collision for a long time.

The crater on the moon generally refers to the pits of the large and small bowl-shaped pit structure on the moon. The crater, also known as the crater, is a remarkable geographical feature on the surface of the Moon, which is found almost throughout the Moon. The shape of the crater is similar to that of a crater on Earth, with steep inner sides and gentler outer sides.

In the middle of the crater there is a deep crater that has collapsed, surrounded by towering rocks. The height of craters is generally around 7 to 8 kilometers and varies in size, from small ones less than 10 kilometers in diameter to large ones more than 100 kilometers in diameter, accounting for about 7 to 10% of the lunar surface.

There are two main causes of craters, the first is ejection, which is caused by the high hot lava and gas inside the moon breaking through the surface, and the second is the impact of meteoroids and meteorites.

The formation of craters is due to the impact of celestial bodies on the surface of the moon, and I will introduce it to you in detail below.

1. Celestial impacts

The formation of craters is due to the impact of celestial bodies on the surface of the moon. In the early days of the Moon's formation, many craters formed on the surface of the Moon due to celestial impacts, some of which were more than 100 kilometers in diameter, forming craters.

Second, the impact process

The formation of craters is caused by ** and shock waves during the impact. When a celestial body hits the surface of the moon, it produces a huge amount of energy, forming ** and shock waves that eject material from the moon's surface into the air, forming a ring of mountains.

3. Characteristics of craters

The characteristics of craters include craters, peaks, pit bottom plains, etc. A crater is a ring formed by an impact event, usually circular or oval in shape, surrounded by a ring of mountains, ** with a crater bottom plain.

A peak is a peak in the center of a crater and is usually formed by a shock wave formed by an impact event. The crater bottom plain is the plain in the center of the crater, usually formed by the bottom of the crater formed by impact events.

4. Classification of craters

Huanshen broad-shaped mountains can be divided into three types: impact craters, basins, and rings. Impact craters are craters less than 300 km in diameter, usually circular or elliptical in shape, surrounded by a ring of mountains, ** with a crater bottom plain.

The basin is a crater with a diameter of more than 300 km, usually circular or oval, surrounded by a ring of mountains, with a pit bottom up to several kilometers deep. A ring mountain refers to the mountains surrounding a crater, usually radially distributed, formed by shock waves formed by impact events.

In general, Laizhou said that the crater on the moon is a crater formed by the impact of celestial bodies on the surface of the moon, and is one of the most significant geomorphological features of the lunar surface. The formation of craters is caused by the ** and shock waves in the impact event, and its characteristics include craters, ** peaks, crater bottom plains, etc.

There are two popular explanations for the formation of craters:

First, not long after the formation of the moon, the hot lava and gas inside the moon break through the surface layer and eject out, like a volcanic eruption on Earth. They were initially more powerful, with lava erupting high and far and piling up on the outside of the vent to form craters. Later, the power of the jet decreased, and the jet accumulation was only at the bottom of the mountain, piled up into a small peak, which was the peak in the crater.

Some sprays are extinguished earlier, or there is no re-ejection, and there is no ** peak.

Second, a meteoroid hits the moon. On May 13, 1972, a large meteorite crashed into a crater the size of a football field on the surface of the Moon. The moonquake caused by the impact was recorded by a 4-moon seismograph placed on the lunar surface.

Proponents of meteorite impacts believe that about 3 billion years ago, there were many meteorites in space, and the moon was in a semi-molten state. When a huge meteorite hits the surface of the moon, it splatters rock and soil around it, forming a ring of craters. And because there is no wind and rain on the surface of the moon and fierce geological tectonic activities, the crater formed at the beginning has been preserved to this day.

The crater on the moon is formed by the following causes.

The Moon's craters are formed by meteorite impacts. There is no protection of large and medium mold gas layers on the surface of the moon, so meteorites from space can directly hit the surface of the moon, and the energy of these meteorites is very high and can cause huge **. When a meteorite hits the surface of the moon, the energy is released at an extremely high rate, which causes the meteorite and surrounding rocks to evaporate instantaneously, forming a huge eruption cloud.

After the eruption cloud cools, residual debris and rock blocks fall back to the moon's surface, forming craters. The greater the impact energy, the larger, deeper, and more complete the crater formed. The ** hills inside the crater and the crater walls were also formed by impact.

The greater the impact energy, the higher the hill and the steeper the crater wall.

The largest crater on the Moon is the South Pole-Aitken Basin, with a diameter of about 2,500 kilometers. This huge basin was formed with such a huge impact energy that it melted the rocks on the moon's surface and formed some huge impact craters known as the Moon Sea.

The Moon's craters were formed by impact events. On the surface of the Moon, there is no atmosphere and no material such as water to cushion the impact of meteorites, so impact events on the surface of the Moon are relatively common and significant. When an asteroid or comet hits the Moon, it releases a huge amount of energy that throws material out of the Moon's surface and creates a huge impact crater, which is how craters are formed.

In the event of an impact, the surrounding rocks will shake and sputter out to form the crater wall. The first attack is at the ** of the impact crater, forming a relatively flat area called the bottom of the crater. At the same time, the impact event also throws large amounts of rock and dust into the air, forming a series of ring-shaped ridges and ravines, which are known as ringwall peaks and ringwall valleys.

Over time, some smaller impact events may occur within an already existing impact crater, forming smaller craters and fissures. These new impact events may further alter the appearance and character of the crater.