How do antibiotics inhibit ribosomal function? Interpretation of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Interpretation of the results: ribosome research will promote the development of pain-reducing antibiotics.

The Nobel Prize selection committee said that three scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their "research on the structure and function of ribosomes." They built three-dimensional models to show how different antibiotics inhibit ribosomal function, and these models were used to develop new antibiotics that could directly help alleviate human suffering and save lives.

Xinhuanet, Oct. 7 (Xinhuanet) -- A living entity is like an extremely complex and sophisticated instrument, with different "parts" performing their own duties in different positions in an orderly manner. And all this is thanks to the "ribosome", which seems to play the role of an engineer in a chemical factory of life: it translates the code carried by DNA, and then produces different proteins, each of which controls different chemical processes in the human body.

The Nobel Prize selection committee introduced on the 7th that three scientists, Venkatraman Ramamarishnan, Thomas Steitz and Ada Jonat, won this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their "research on the structure and function of ribosomes".

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a class of nucleic acids that get their name from the presence of deoxyribose in the molecule. In every cell of an organism, there are DNA molecules, which are essential for a person, a plant or a bacterium, because these DNA molecules determine the appearance and function of living organisms. DNA is the basis of the genetic material of almost all living organisms, and it stores a large amount of "instruction" information, which can guide the development and operation of biological functions.

But in living organisms, the instructions contained in DNA are like a blueprint full of codes, and only through ribosome translation can each instruction be unambiguously executed.

Specifically, the work of ribosomes is to translate the various instructions contained in DNA, and then produce proteins with different tasks, such as hemoglobin for transporting oxygen, antibodies in the immune system, hormones such as insulin, collagen or enzymes that break down sugar, and so on. There are thousands of proteins in the human body, each with different forms and functions, that build and control life on a chemical level.

According to the Nobel Prize jury, all three scientists have used X-ray protein crystallography to identify the thousands of atoms that make up ribosomes. These scientists not only give us an idea of the "appearance" of ribosomes, but also reveal the mechanism of ribosome function at the atomic level. "Understanding the mechanism by which ribosomes work within is very important for a scientific understanding of life.

This knowledge can be immediately applied in practice. ”

Based on the results of ribosome research, it is easy to understand that if the ribosomal function of bacteria is inhibited, then bacteria cannot survive. In medicine, people use antibiotics to inhibit the ribosomes of bacteria and thus cause diseases. The jury said that the three scientists built three-dimensional models to show how different antibiotics inhibit ribosomal function, and "these models have been used to develop new antibiotics that directly help alleviate human pain and save lives."

C proteins are composed of C, H, O, N, and may also contain elements such as S and P; The most important energy substances in human life activities are carbohydrates; Proteins can be hydrolyzed to form amino acids, but the product does not have to be only one amino acid.

Answer] A Answer Analysis] Test Question Analysis: Ribosomes are the place where proteins are synthesized, antibiotics can destroy the role of ribosomes, so protein synthesis is affected, the essence of sex hormones is sterols, receptors, salivary amylase, and the essence of insulin is protein, so choose A.

Test point: This question examines the function of ribosomes, which is intended to test the candidate's ability to understand the key points of the knowledge learned, grasp the internal connection between knowledge, and form the network structure of knowledge.

Answer] A Answer Analysis] Test Question Analysis: Celery ribosome is the place where protein is synthesized, antibodies are proteins, salivary amylase is proteins, insulin is proteins, BCD does not meet the topic, sex hormones are sterols, A is in line with the topic, and A is selected for this question. A: Lee.

Test point: The role of ribosomes.

Comments: This question tests the students' comprehension and analysis skills, the difficulty is moderate, and the key to solving the problem is to understand whether the substance in the option is a protein.

a. The chemical essence of sex hormones is sterols, which belong to lipids, and the synthesis site is the slippery endoplasmic reticulum, which is wrong;

b. Effector B cells synthesize antibodies, the chemical essence is proteins, and the synthesis site is ribosomes, so antibiotic drugs will affect their synthesis, B is correct;

c. The chemical essence of salivary amylase is protein, and the related organelles include ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, so antibiotic drugs will affect its synthesis, C is correct;

d. Pancreatic islet B cells synthesize insulin, which can lower blood sugar, the chemical essence is protein, and the synthesis site is ribosome, D is correct

Therefore: BCD

a. Sex hormones belong to lipids, and their synthesis site is endoplasmic reticulum, which has nothing to do with ribosomes, so the synthesis of sex hormones will not be affected after the use of such antibiotic drugs, a correct;

b. The receptor on the cell membrane is a protein, and its synthesis site is ribosome, so the synthesis of receptors on the cell membrane will be affected after the use of such antibiotic drugs, B is wrong;

c. The chemical essence of salivary amylase is protein, and its synthesis site is ribosome, so the synthesis of salivary amylase will be affected after the use of such antibiotic drugs, c error;

d. The chemical essence of insulin is protein, and its synthesis site is ribosomes, so the use of such antibiotic drugs will affect the synthesis of insulin

Therefore, a