What was the actual effective force of the Qing Dynasty during the First Sino Japanese War?

At the time of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Dynasty had an actual effective military force of 630,000 men.

Sino-Japanese First Sino-Japanese War.

It was a war of Japanese aggression against China and Korea at the end of the 19th century. According to the Chinese Ganzhi year, the year 1894 when the war broke out was the First Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the First Sino-Japanese War (called the Sino-Japanese War in Japan, and the First Sino-Japanese War in Western countries.

sino-japanese war）。

The First Sino-Japanese War began with the outbreak of the Battle of Toshima on July 25, 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty) and ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895

End of signing. The war ended with the defeat of China and the Beiyang Naval Division.

The total annihilation of the army ended. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing Dynasty of China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, an unequal treaty that humiliated the country.

The outcome of the First Sino-Japanese War brought an unprecedentedly serious national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of Chinese society. On the other hand, it made Japan more powerful and became one of the great powers.

At the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Qing Dynasty was in the process of reforming its army. In 1880, the Japanese chief of staff Aritomo Yamaprefecture pointed out that the Qing Empire could recruit 4.25 million troops in peacetime and as many as 8.5 million in wartime. But in reality, the Qing Dynasty was able to use 630,000 troops during the Sino-Japanese War.

The Japanese army was 240,000 men.

<> "The Strength of the Qing Dynasty Navy in the First Sino-Japanese War.

The prominence of the Beiyang Naval Division.

The main force of the Qing Dynasty Navy was the Beiyang Naval Division, or known as the Beiyang Fleet and the Beiyang Navy, which was formally established in 1888 and was a modern naval force established by China, and it was also the strongest and largest of the four modern navies established by the Qing Dynasty. There are 25 main ships, 50 auxiliary ships, 30 transport ships, and more than 4,000 officers and soldiers.

The establishment of the Beiyang Naval Division.

The Beiyang Naval Division was formally established on December 17, 1888 (the 14th year of Guangxu) on Liugong Island in Weihaiwei, Shandong, and the Qing Dynasty allocated 4 million taels per year for naval construction. The strength of the fleet used to be the first in Asia and the ninth in the world (according to the ranking of the "United States Navy Yearbook" of that year, the top eight were: Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Spain, Ottoman Turkey, Italy, and the United States).

Later, due to various reasons, Japan gradually fell behind.

Formation of the Navy background.

Relying on its naval superiority, Britain carried out several provocations along the coast of Guangdong and launched the First Opium War. In order to strengthen coastal defense and resist aggression, the Qing Dynasty people of insight began to realize the advantages of British ships and artillery, and in order to strengthen coastal defense and resist aggression, they began to purchase foreign ships and guns and planned to build a modern navy. Following Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan further exerted his idea of learning from the West to prepare for coastal defense.

In the 50s of the 19th century, after the Taiping Army arrived in Nanjing, the local government in Jiangsu repeatedly hired foreign steamers to assist the Qing Lead Slow Army in fighting against the Taiping Army. After the end of the Second Opium War, the foreign invaders seized all kinds of privileges and benefits from the Treaty of Beijing, and tried their best to encourage the Qing ** to purchase ships and cannons, and quickly suppressed the Taiping Rebellion.

Qing ** purchased the "Aspen Fleet" from the British, and later Bo Dan was held hostage by the British, and Qing ** returned the fleet for sale. After the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Zuo Zongtang, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, set up the Fuzhou Base to disturb the ship administration bureau. Zeng Guofan, the governor of Liangjiang, and Li Hongzhang, the governor of Jiangsu, also changed the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, which was engaged in arms production, into a concurrent manufacturing bureau.

Because at that time, the Qing ** did not have a modern training method at all, and the Qing ** was also very arrogant, and this arrogant state made the Qing ** defeated in the Sino-Japanese War.

Before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, few countries regarded the Qing Dynasty as a weak country, and Japan at that time only dared to provoke the Qing Dynasty in other ways. Prior to this, Japan had begun a full-scale invasion of Korea, although the Qing ** was the suzerainty of Korea at that time, but because the Qing ** and Japan had signed the Nagasaki Treaty in advance, the Qing ** at that time did not directly help Korea. After the complete fall of Korea, this began the Sino-Japanese War with the Qing Dynasty.

At that time, there was no modern training method.

Although the equipment of the Qing ** at that time was very cool, the scale of the Qing ** fleet could even be the top in the world. Despite this, because the Qing ** at that time was just an ancient army, and at the same time, there was no modern training method, so the combat capability of the Qing ** at that time was very weak. Even if the size of the Japanese army was far lower than that of the Qing **, the Qing ** at that time had no ability to fight back.

The arrogance of the Qing ** is also a reason.

In addition to the combat capability of its own army, the arrogance of the Qing Dynasty at that time was very strong, and even if Japan had begun to launch an all-out invasion of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty only regarded Japan as a small country. To a certain extent, if the Qing Dynasty could have carried out the corresponding arms race in advance, the Qing Dynasty would not have lost to Japan at that time. <>

In addition, because there were certain internal contradictions in the new ** itself at that time, many **, including Li Hongzhang, did not really take the Japanese army seriously. At that time, the new ** was not only poor and weak, but a large number of ** equipment had already rusted early, and after the real war with Japan, the Qing ** army at that time could not maintain a normal combat formation at all, and was defeated.

。Some of the "elites" of the Qing army were frightened when they saw the eight-strong coalition army, and turned to carry advanced ** and plundered the people along the way. The eight-strong coalition army was chasing and killing, but these "elites" of the Qing army first rushed back to the capital and looted in the capital, causing countless on-site dramas.

Such a decaying dynasty, no matter how many top weapons in the world are in hand, it is hopeless.

This was because the leaders of the Qing army at that time were not unified at all, and they lacked training and experience, so they failed miserably.

Because the gap between the Qing Dynasty and the West was too large, and the Qing Dynasty was blindly confident.

1. Lack of foresight and inadequate preparation for a possible war of aggression are the reasons for the failure of the war. Second, blindly relying on foreign mediation and failing to base oneself on one's own strength are the external reasons for the defeat of the war. 3. Belief in "determinism" is the ideological reason for the defeat of the war.

Fourth, the abandonment and loss of sea supremacy are the strategic reasons for the defeat of the war. 5. The decay and decline of feudal rule was the political reason for the defeat of the war. Sixth, the low quality of the army and its vulnerability are the direct cause of the defeat of the war.

At that time, the leadership of the Qing Dynasty military circles was not uniform. Friends who are familiar with Li Hongzhang's life know that at that time, the military circles were deceitful and deceitful, and it was difficult for the leadership to unify their opinions.

Although there were many Qing soldiers at that time, and the equipment was relatively advanced. However, the Qing army generally lacked training and was demoralized in battle, unable to respond quickly to orders.

In the process of the "self-improvement movement", the Qing Dynasty cultivated a large number of military talents. However, these young non-commissioned officers lacked experience, and when they started fighting, they only talked on paper, and the orders they gave were unrealistic.

4.At that time, the Qing ** news was closed, and the ruling class's perception of Japan was still stuck ten years ago. Therefore, the Qing court did not pay much attention to this war, and underestimated the enemy and even suffered a crushing defeat.

The First Sino-Japanese War changed the situation in East Asia, where China had been the boss before, but this time it was Japan. After the First Sino-Japanese War, China's determination to reform was strengthened, and the determination of Sun Yat-sen and others to revolutionize was strengthened, which led to the early demise of the Qing Dynasty.

Let the Qing Dynasty realize its own shortcomings. Therefore, a group of people with lofty ideals who are angry and strive to change have been born.

The defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War deepened China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and greatly intensified the national crisis.

The huge indemnity made the Qing Dynasty even worse. At that time, China was already in turmoil, and its finances were useless, and the defeat in this war made it even worse.

The First Sino-Japanese War was the greatest humiliation of the Qing Dynasty, and after the defeat, it was forced to sign the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" with Japan, which ceded China's territory and paid a large amount of war reparations, which made the efforts of the Qing Dynasty's Westernization Movement for many years in vain, and greatly weakened the Qing Dynasty's position in the world at that time.

The First Sino-Japanese War greatly reduced the status of the Qing Dynasty. The people's trust in the Qing Dynasty was also greatly reduced. Li Hongzhang's Beiyang Naval Division was completely annihilated. At the same time, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War declared the bankruptcy of the Westernization movement.

The defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War marked the defeat of the Qing Dynasty's Westernization Movement, which lasted for more than 30 years, and the achievements of modernization were wiped out. The huge amount of compensation has made the situation worse for the Qing **, who is not rich, and exploited the people more vigorously. Land reparations were paid, sovereignty was lost, and the great powers joined the frenzy of carving up China.