The carbon atom in an organic compound always shows a few valences why

Typically, organic matter is the element carbon.

All of them are considered to be the average valence.

That's because organic matter may contain different carbon-containing functional groups.

The valency of the carbon element in each functional group may be different, so that in the end, only the average valency can be obtained.

Organics are carbonaceous compounds (carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, carbonate, bicarbonate, metal carbides, cyanide.

except for oxides such as thiocyanide) or a general term for hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Organic matter is the material basis for the production of life. Inorganic compounds usually refer to compounds that do not contain carbon elements, but a few carbon-containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, carbon monoxide, carbonates, etc., do not have the properties of organic substances, so such substances are also inorganic.

In addition to carbon, organic compounds may also contain elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur.

Organic Matter Characteristics:

1. Bonding characteristics of carbon atoms in organic compounds:

The outermost shell of the carbon atom has 4 electrons, and it is not easy to lose or gain electrons to form cations or anions.

Carbon atoms pass through covalent bonds.

It forms covalent compounds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and other non-metals.

Due to the bonding characteristics of carbon atoms, each carbon atom can not only form 4 covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms or other atoms, but also combine carbon atoms with covalent bonds. Carbon atoms can form not only stable single bonds but also stable double or triple bonds. Multiple carbon atoms can combine with each other to grow into short carbon chains, and carbon chains can also have branched chains, and they can also combine into carbon rings, and carbon chains and carbon rings can also combine with each other.

Therefore, molecules containing the same type of atoms and the same number of atoms of each type may have many different ways of combining their atoms to form molecules with different structures.

2. Isomerism of organic compounds:

Compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures, resulting in differences in properties, a phenomenon called isomerism. Compounds with isomerism are isomeric to each other. In organic compounds, when the number of carbon atoms increases, so does the number of isomers.

The phenomenon of isomers is very common in organic matter, which is one of the reasons why organic compounds are very large in nature.

In inorganic compounds, +4 or +2 valence is generally present, but in organic compounds, the valence state of c is completely uncertain, from -4 to +4 always appear

The valency of C in organic matter is not manifested by itself, but by the valency exhibited by the surrounding groups. In organic matter, h behaves as positive univalent, e.g. ch4 where c is negative tetravalent. In addition, like the carboxyl group is negative monovalent, the hydroxyl group is also negative monovalent, the oxygen group is negative bivalent, and so on.

There are two main ways to determine the valency of carbon by organic matter:

1), is to take hydrogen in organic matter as 1 valence, oxygen as -2 valence, and then according to the algebraic sum of the valency of various elements in the compound is zero, the valency of carbon is calculated. This method only calculates the average valence of all the carbon in the organism, and cannot calculate the valence of each carbon atom.

2), it is calculated according to the bias of the chemical bond. For example, in formaldehyde, two of the four bonds of carbon are linked to hydrogen and two are linked to carbon. For carbon, since the alkali metallicity of carbon is stronger than that of hydrogen, the two bonds make carbon -2 valence, and the two covalent bonds connected to oxygen, the non-metallic property of oxygen is stronger than carbon, it is 2 valence, so the valency of carbon is 2 2 0.

Taking ethanol as an example, there is one carbon in ethanol that has three covalent bonds linked to hydrogen and one linked to carbon. The one linked to hydrogen is -1 valence, and the one linked to carbon is 0 valence. So the valency of this carbon atom is:

1×3＋0＝－3。Ethanol and another carbon atom, there are two bonds connected to hydrogen, one linked to carbon, and one linked to oxygen, or the above method is used to judge, the valency of the carbon atom is: 1 2 1 0 1.

The average valency of carbon in ethanol is:[ 3 ( 1)] 2 2.

1. The valence state of c in organic matter is completely uncertain, and it may occur from -4 to +4.

2. Because the bonds formed by carbon atoms are relatively stable, the number, arrangement and type and position of carbon in organic compounds have a high degree of knowledge and tolerance, which has caused the extremely large number of organic matter, and organic matter accounts for the vast majority of the compounds found by human beings. The properties of organic matter are very different from inorganic matter, they are generally flammable, not easily soluble in water, and the reaction mechanism is complex, and has now formed an independent sub-family: organic chemistry.

The valency (also known as the oxidation state) of the carbon in the organic matter can be determined by the following methods:

1.Mnemonics: The valency of carbon atoms in organic matter is usually 4. This is because the carbon atom has 4 valence electrons and is able to share 4 pairs of electrons with other atoms to form four covalent bonds.

2.Valency of groups: Organic molecules are usually made up of some specific scrambled groups that have determined the valency of the carbon atoms in them.

For example, the carbon atom valency of the hydroxyl (-OH) group is 3, and the carbon atom valency of the carbonyl (C=O) group is 2.

3.Structural inference: By analyzing the structure of organic molecules, the valency of carbon atoms can be inferred. For example, if a carbon atom is attached to three hydrogen atoms and forms a covalent bond with one other atom, then it may have a valency of 3.

4.Compound properties: By determining the properties of organic compounds, such as redox properties, the valency of carbon atoms can also be indirectly determined.

It should be noted that the valency of carbon atoms in organic compounds may vary depending on the specific structure and environment of the compound, so various factors need to be considered when making judgments.

(1) Carbon.

Only when combined with hydrogen is the negative valence is obvious, that is, c is -1 valence in c—h.

2) When carbon is combined with other special non-gold elements, it is obvious that it is normal, such as: c is +1 valence in c—x, c is +1 valence in c—o, c is +1 valence in c—n, c is +2 valence in c=o, and c is +3 valence in c n.

3) When the carbon atom is combined with the carbon atom, it is 0 valence, that is, c-c, c=c, and c c are all 0 valence.

4) Determine the valency of element C according to the molecular structure of the organic matter.

5) Calculate the apparent valency of element C based on the molecular formula of the organic matter.

Yes. It is most stable only when it reaches the 4th valence.

Generally, the average price is found. In fact, it is not meaningful to find the valency of c in organic matter.

Organic matter does not use the term valency, it is called oxidation number in organic, but it can also be explained by valency.

1) Valency, to put it bluntly, is the shift of electrons.

Between the two elements, the oxidizing element has a strong electron-gaining ability (2) The valency is caused by the different attraction of two different atoms to the electron, for example:

, the oxidation of O is strong, so when carbon and oxygen form a covalent bond (O c O), oxygen is determined to obtain electrons. So C in CO2 loses 4 electrons as +4 valence, and oxygen gives 2 electrons as -2 valence (electrons are negatively charged).

Among the non-metallic elements, the oxidation is the smallest, so when the hydrogen atom forms a covalent bond with other non-metallic elements, the hydrogen atom is judged to lose electrons (H is +1 valence in H2O, O is -2 valence).

Hope it helps.