The Chinese imperial examination system and the British civil bureaucracy

The British civil service system refers to the official examination system promulgated by the British on June 4, 1870. The reason for the civil service system is that the appointment of civil officials has two meanings: one is to recruit non-civilian officials as civil officials, and the other is to grant them certain positions at the same time or after recruitment.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, liberals, representing the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie, began to demand a reform of the appointment of officials, and after a difficult struggle, by 1855 the initial reform began, first by appointing civil servants by examination among candidates.

Summary of the civil service

There are four main forms of the selection system, the examination system, the appointment system, and the appointment system, and each country often adopts one or several forms at the same time according to its own situation.

In terms of rights, there are mainly the right to security of identity and the right to receive wages, pensions, and pensions, and in terms of obligations, the main obligations are to perform duties, obey orders, keep secrets, be loyal to the state, abide by laws and regulations, and maintain political neutrality.

The classification of various positions can be divided into two types: one is the job classification in the United States, and the other is the grade classification in the United Kingdom. The former is matter-centered, and the latter is people-centered.

The attendance and work performance of civil servants are regularly evaluated, and those with excellent grades are rewarded, and those with poor work performance are given education, reprimands, transferred to work, and demoted, with the aim of giving full play to and improving the work efficiency of civil servants.

All countries stipulate that civil servants have the right to receive salaries, pensions and pensions, with the aim of improving the quality and ability of civil servants. There are three types: the extra-ministerial system, the intra-ministerial system, and the eclectic system.

The reason for the reform of the British civil service system is that the Fulton reform wants to break the original traditional closed civil service composition, so that its best talents can really be "talents", but the selection of civil servants is still monopolized by the civil servants at the upper bend and the answers, and it cannot accommodate real talents at all. Its effect was to lay a foundation that made it easy for Britain to carry out reforms in the late twentieth century, and to gain the support of the masses to the greatest extent.

The British civil service system was the earliest established in Western countries, and its main characteristics are: It has a stable tradition. From entering the civil service to retiring, there is less internal mobility and little contact with the outside world, which is easy to breed the tendency of conformism.

Naxin attaches great importance to generalist education. The civil service examination focused on university education courses, and the admission of people from a small number of aristocratic schools came from a small number of aristocratic schools, although there were calls for professional education after the 80s of the 20th century, but due to various resistance, it could not be realized. Strengthen professional ethics.

Civil officials have strict professional ethics and discipline, which is conducive to establishing a good political style and discipline.