How to tell the type of molecular hybrid orbital

Look at the number of single pairs of electrons of the central atom or ion; According to this electron logarithm: the orbital of s p d, the number of orbitals = the number of electron pairs.

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Here's how it is judged:

1. Determine the lone electron pairs of the central atom.

quantity. 2.Find out the number of atoms attached to the central atom (i.e. the bonds formed.

3. If the sum of the two is equal to 2, then the central atom adopts sp hybridization; If it is equal to 3, then the central atom is hybridized with sp2; If it is equal to 4, then the central atom is hybridized with sp3.

In the process of bonding, several different types of atomic orbitals with similar energy in the same atom due to the interaction between atoms.

That is, the wave function, which can be combined with linear balance.

Redistribute energy and determine the direction of space to form an equal number of new atomic orbitals.

Hybrid orbitals

In the process of bonding, due to the interaction between atoms, several different types of atomic orbitals (i.e., wave functions) with similar energy in the same molecule can be linearly combined, redistribute energy and determine the spatial direction, and form a new atomic orbital with an equal number of equals.

The value of the angular function of the hybrid orbital in a certain direction is much larger than that before hybridization, which is more conducive to the maximum overlap between atomic orbitals, so the hybrid orbital has a stronger bonding ability than the original orbital (the orbital is bonded after hybridization).

The hybrid orbitals try to take the maximum angle distribution in space, so that the repulsion energy between them is minimized, so the bond formed is relatively stable. Different types of hybrid orbitals have different angles between them, and the molecules formed after bonding have different spatial configurations.

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The formula for calculating the hybridization type is as follows: with lettern is the number of particles around the atoms of the central old plexus, e.g., n=2 in SO2 and n=3 in SO3.

m is: (the number of outermost electrons in the center atom (the number of valence electrons) and the total number of electrons that can be formed by the surrounding particles) 2.

After calculation, the value of m+n is obtained to determine the ideal space configuration and hybridization type.

m+n=2 sp linear.

m+n=3 sp2 planar triangle.

m+n=4 sp3 (the central atom is the main group element) regular tetrahedral dsp2 (secondary group) quadrangular pyramid.

m+n=5 sp3d trigonal bicone.

m+n=6 sp3d2 regular octahedron.

Types of hybridization:

Isosexual hybridization: Hybridization in which all of the monoelectrons of the celery orbital participates is called isosexual hybridization.

Unequal hybridization: Hybridization with the involvement of lone pairs of electron orbitals is called unequal hybridization.

The type of hybrid orbital depends on the type and number of valence orbitals possessed by the atom and the number of bonding etc.

Hybrid orbitals: a modern valence bond theory.

According to the theory of valence shell electron pair repulsion, the number of valence electron pairs, the number of bonds, and the number of lone electron pairs of the central atom are known, and if the number of bonds and lone electron pairs is known, the number of valence electron pairs of the central atom can be reversed, so as to judge the hybridization mode.

The substitution reaction in organic chemistry is a reaction in which some atoms or groups of atoms in an organic molecule are replaced by other atoms or clusters, and according to the substitution reaction mechanism, the structure and bonding mode of the central atom should remain unchanged after substitution. This enlightens that for some complex molecules, some of the atomic clusters can be replaced by atoms to become simple and familiar molecules, and the spatial configuration and hybrid orbital type of the original molecule can be judged according to the spatial configuration and hybrid orbital type of the molecule.

1. Determine the number of lone electron pairs of the central atom.

2 Find out the number of atoms (i.e. the number of bonds formed) attached to the central atom.

3 If the sum of the two equals 2, then the central atom is sp hybridized; If it is equal to 3, then the central atom is hybridized with sp2; If it is equal to 4, then the central atom is hybridized with sp3.

For example, ethylene, the carbon atom is the central atom, and the number of atoms connected to it is 3, and the 4 valence electrons of carbon are homogeneous bonds (3 bonds plus 1 bond), so the number of lone pair electron pairs is zero, so 0+3=3, sp2 hybridization is adopted.

For example, hydrogen oxide, the oxygen atom is the central atom, the number of atoms connected to the oxygen atom is 2, and the oxygen has two pairs of lone pairs of electrons, so 2+2=4, sp3 hybridization is adopted.

The main types of hybridization are sp, sp2, sp3A simple way to do this is to see how many single electrons and lone pairs there are in the excited atom. For example, the c atom has 4 electrons after excitation, which is sp3.

If there are 3, it is SP2, and if there is one, it is SP. The actual molecular configuration must take into account lone pairs, such as ammonia.

The principle of valence shell electron pair repulsion: divide the sum of the number of valence shell electrons of each atom in the compound by two, and the number obtained is the number of valence shell electron pairs. Where the number of valence shell electrons of the oxygen group element is calculated as 0 when the oxygen group element is not acting as the central atom.

The number of electron pairs of the valence shell obtained is the corresponding hybridization method. (2 is sp hybridization, 3 is sp2, 4 is sp3 hybridization.)For example, methane is CH4, so the valence shell electron pair is (4+4=8,8 2=4,) so it is sp3 hybridized; Another example is SO2, the sulfur of the central atom should be counted, and the oxygen of the non-central atom should not be counted, so it is 6 2 = 3, so it is sp2 hybridization. Wait.