Accounting fraud cases, what are the accounting fraud cases

Accounting fraud refers to the accounting process by business leaders and financial accountants.

In the process, it violates national laws and regulations.

and the standard system, making false accounts and preparing false accounting statements.

Types of Accounting Fraud:

From the perspective of the early reflection of accounting information, accounting fraud is manifested in two types: accounting transaction fraud and accounting statement fraud.

Falsification of accounting statements is the deliberate misrepresentation of certain financial values in order to enhance profitability.

to deceive stakeholders such as shareholders and creditors.

Falsification of accounting transactions is often intended to facilitate theft, or to transfer a company's assets to personal ownership or use.

Accounting fraud refers to the behavior of enterprise leaders and financial accountants who violate national laws, laws, regulations, and standards in the process of accounting, make false accounts and prepare false accounting statements.

Accounting fraud can be divided into two types: accounting transaction fraud and accounting statement fraud according to the perspective reflected in accounting information. Among them, the falsification of accounting statements is the deliberate misrepresentation of certain financial values, creating the illusion of enhancing profitability, so as to deceive shareholders and creditors and other stakeholders. Including inflating assets and profits, as well as inflating liabilities and concealing profits.

Falsification of accounting transactions is often intended to facilitate theft, or to transfer a company's assets to personal ownership or use.

Accounting fraud is the behavior of enterprise leaders and financial accountants who violate national laws, regulations and standards in the accounting process to make false accounts and prepare false accounting statements.

1. Inflated assets: through the capitalization of expenses, the assets and owners' equity of the enterprise are inflated; The inventory value is false, and the inventory value of the enterprise is inflated; The value of fixed assets is not real, and the fixed assets are inflated or decreased; Under-amortization of deferred and intangible assets.

2. False liabilities: the actual debts of the enterprise are less than the book debts, and the accounts payable of the enterprise are overestimated; The company's withholding expenses are false.

3. False profit and loss: overcounting income, undercounting expenses, or undercounting income and overcounting expenses; If the company's construction projects are on the books for a long time, the borrowing costs that should be included in the profit or loss shall be capitalized; Adjust the statement amount at will and artificially adjust the profit.

p>1. The separation of the two powers is the fundamental cause of accounting fraud: that is, the separation of capital ownership and capital operation rights, and entrusting others to complete the business tasks.

2. Weak supervision is an important reason for accounting fraud: it is reflected in the lack of internal audit supervision and the imperfect internal control system; External audit oversight is weak and enforcement is lacking.

3. Profit-driven is the direct cause of accounting fraud: it is manifested in political interests and economic interests, with the purpose of raising funds and evading taxes.

4. Accounting personnel are employed by the unit, which seriously weakens their own accounting supervision function.

It is possible to reduce investment risk through a portfolio of assets, for which Markowitz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1990. The Lingxiao model of capital asset pricing is a theory that studies the relationship between risk and return.

Sharp et al.'s conclusion is that the risk-return rate of a single asset depends on the risk-free rate of return, and the risk-return ratio of the market portfolio and the risk of the risky asset are included. Sharp was awarded the 1990 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Capital structure theory is a theory that studies the relationship between the way and structure of a company raises funds and the market value of a company. The 1958 study by Modigliani and Miller concluded that in well-developed and efficient financial markets, corporate value has nothing to do with capital structure and dividend policy—MM theory.

Miller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990 for his MM theory, and Modiglinha was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1985.

Modern Portfolio Theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The modern portfolio theory is a theory about the optimal portfolio. In 1952, Harry Markowitz proposed the theory, and his research conclusions were:

As long as there is no exact positive correlation between changes in returns between different assets.

Period-end closing: At the end of the period, the cumulative amount of credit and debit accounts of all accounting accounts and the cumulative amount of multi-column account details will be carried forward and used as the beginning number to participate in the accounting of the next accounting period. The system provides a function key for anti-checkout:

If you want to modify a voucher for a closed accounting period, you can modify it only after you reverse the closing of the account.

According to the characteristics of financial business, the system sets up the voucher search function, and provides a number of search conditions for users to choose, which is not only convenient for users, but also improves the search speed. The query conditions are set by voucher date, voucher number, ledger subject, account**, summary, etc.

Summary. Hello dear, glad to answer for you; The examples are as follows; The trading company first buys cocoa beans from South America for the processing plant and then sells them to the processing factory, in fact, the products are designated by the processing plant, but after a transaction from the trading company, you can increase a sales income. The processing plant can produce two kinds of products when it gets cocoa beans, one is cocoa powder, which is the raw material for cakes, chocolates and other foods; One is cocoa butter, which sells well in the international market; Cocoa butter is exported, cocoa powder can be exported or sold domestically, and the production is also sold by trading companies.

It just so happened that one year when the business of the trading company had a problem, and the profit target could not be completed, the boss asked for financial fraud, and the method was as follows: we assume that the cost price of a pound of cocoa butter is 200 yuan, and the cost price of a pound of cocoa powder is 100 yuan, and the gross profit of normal sales is 2-5%, and it will not make a few dollars. In order to make profits, the trading company asked the processing plant to cooperate, open the invoice equally, lower the purchase price of cocoa butter, and increase the purchase price of cocoa powder, so that the cost price of the two products became 150 yuan a catty (for the convenience of example, it is not so obvious).

Because cocoa butter sells quickly, it can increase profits by millions that year.

Who will do a case study of financial fraud.

Hello dear, glad to answer for you; The examples are as follows; The trading company first buys cocoa beans from South America for the processing plant and then sells them to the processing factory, in fact, the products are designated by the processing plant, but after a transaction from the trading company, you can increase a sales income. The processing plant can produce two kinds of products when it gets cocoa beans, one is cocoa powder, which is the raw material for cakes, chocolates and other foods; One is cocoa butter, which sells well in the international market; Cocoa butter is exported, cocoa powder can be exported or sold domestically, and the production is also sold by trading companies. It just so happened that one year there was a problem in the operation of the trading company, and the profit target could not be completed, so the boss asked for financial fraud, and the method was as follows:

Let's assume that the cost price of a pound of cocoa butter is 200 yuan, and the cost price of a pound of cocoa powder is 100 yuan, and the gross profit of normal sales is 2-5%, and it will not make a few dollars. In order to make profits, the trading company asked the processing plant to cooperate, open the invoice equally, lower the purchase price of cocoa butter, and increase the purchase price of cocoa powder, so that the cost price of the two products became 150 yuan a catty (for the convenience of example, it is not so obvious). Because cocoa butter sells quickly, it can increase profits by millions that year.

Can you understand this amount?

Dear, you can't look good.

If an accountant makes false accounts is a criminal act of illegally obstructing liquidation, and if a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the relevant laws of China.

Anyone who forges or alters accounting vouchers or account books, or prepares false financial accounting reports, which constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with law.

Where there is conduct in the preceding paragraph, but it does not constitute a crime, the people's finance department at or above the county level shall give a notification, and may impose a fine of between 5,000 and 100,000 yuan on the unit;

The directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel may be fined between 3,000 and 50,000 RMB; If they are state employees, they shall also be given administrative sanctions of removal from office or even dismissal by their units or relevant units in accordance with law; For the accounting personnel, and by the people's financial department at or above the county level to revoke the accounting qualification certificate.

Accounting false accounting is a violation of the obligations of the accounting contract by the financial accountant and the certified public accountant, resulting in the inconsistency between the economic and the original vouchers, the discrepancy between the original vouchers and the accounting vouchers, the disconnection between the accounting vouchers and the accounting books, the irrelevance of the accounting books and the accounting reports, and the separation of the accounting statements from the physical assets, which does not conform to the legal status stipulated in the true and complete obligations of the accounting contract. The manifestation of accounting fraud can be summarized as the use of split VAT sales invoices to inflate revenue and profits; False product sales invoices to falsely increase revenue and profits; taking advantage of preferential policies for the lack of export goods to inflate income; Artificially expand the accounting scope of the company's sales business and inflate the income.

Legal basis

Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China

Article 162:Where, in the course of liquidation, a company or enterprise conceals its assets, makes false entries in its balance sheet or property list, or distributes the company's or enterprise's assets before the debts are repaid, seriously harming the interests of creditors or other persons, the person in charge and other persons directly responsible for it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or short-term detention and/or a fine of not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan.

Article 162-1 Where accounting vouchers, accounting books, or financial accounting reports that shall be kept in accordance with law are concealed or intentionally destroyed, and the circumstances are serious, a sentence of up to five years imprisonment or short-term detention is to be given, and/or a fine of between 20,000 and 200,000 RMB. Where a unit commits the crime in the preceding paragraph, the unit is to be fined, and the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel are to be punished in accordance with the preceding provisions.

Legal analysis: Accounting personnel making false accounts is an illegal and criminal act, and if it constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the criminal law of our country.

Legal basis: Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China

Article 162:Where, in the course of liquidation, a company or enterprise conceals its assets, makes false entries in its balance sheet or property list, or distributes the company's or enterprise's assets before the debts are repaid, seriously harming the interests of creditors or other persons, the person in charge and other persons directly responsible for it shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or short-term detention and/or a fine of not less than 20,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan.

Article 162-1 Where accounting vouchers, accounting books, or financial accounting reports that shall be kept in accordance with law are concealed or intentionally destroyed, and the circumstances are serious, a sentence of up to five years imprisonment or short-term detention is to be given, and/or a fine of between 20,000 and 200,000 RMB. Where a unit commits the crime in the preceding paragraph, the unit is to be fined, and the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible personnel are to be punished in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.