What is the difference between rock mass and rock formation, and what is the difference between rock

In the 50s of the 20th century, scholars at home and abroad noticed that the mechanical properties of rocks are very different from those of large-scale natural rock masses. Generally speaking, the natural rock mass is significantly different from the rock specimens (rocks) made in the laboratory: (1) the rock mass exists in a certain geological environment, and the factors such as in-situ stress, ground temperature, and groundwater have a great influence on its physical and mechanical properties, while the rock specimens are only rock blocks processed for laboratory experiments, which have been completely separated from the original geological environment.

2) The rock mass has undergone a long geological process in its natural state, in which there are various geological structures and weak surfaces, such as unconformities, folds, faults, joints, fissures, etc. (3) A certain number of rocks constitute the rock mass, and the rock mass has no specific natural boundary, and the scope can only be delineated according to the needs of solving the problem. According to the above characteristics, the rock mass is defined as a part of the geological body, and it is a collection composed of various lithological and structural characteristic rocks in a certain geological environment, and can also be regarded as a joint composition of the structure and structural plane surrounded by the structural plane.

In engineering geology, the geological bodies with certain rock composition, structural characteristics and occurrence in a certain geological environment within the scope of engineering action are called rock masses. The rock mass is cut by the bedding, flakes, joints, faults and other faults with weak internal cohesion, and has obvious discontinuity. This is an important feature of the rock mass, which weakens and disappears the mechanical effect of the rock mass structure.

The strength of the rock mass is far lower than the strength of the rock, the deformation of the rock mass is far greater than the rock itself, and the permeability of the rock mass is far greater than the permeability of the rock.

Rock mass generally refers to the intrusive rock series, such as granodiorite rock mass, granite porphyry rock mass.

The strata are generally only sequenced stratigraphic series of rocks, including metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks and some volcanic rocks (near the crater facies).

Personal understanding, including some work observations, may be different from the textbook, do not understand and then ask.

The main differences are that the properties are different, the formation is different, and the applications are different, as follows:

First, the nature is different.

1. Rocks. Rock is a solid aggregate of one or several minerals and natural glass with a stable shape.

2. Rock mass. Rock mass refers to the geological body with discontinuity, heterogeneity and anisotropy composed of various rocks containing weak structural planes within a certain engineering scope.

Second, the formation is different.

1. Rocks. At the beginning of the formation of the earth, it became a mountain rock, and after weathering, it became a rock. Then it becomes a meteorite, when it does not fall into the earth's atmosphere, it is a stony, iron or rock-iron mixed material that is free from outer space, if it falls into the atmosphere, it is not burned by the atmosphere and falls to the ground and becomes the meteorite we usually see, simply put, the so-called meteorite is a miniature version of the debris left behind by the asteroid "hitting the earth". Hundreds of millions of years have passed, and there are countless rocks in the world.

2. Rock mass. The rock mass is formed in the course of a long geological history, has a certain structure and structure, and is related to engineering architecture. The rock mass is composed of a variety of rocks, and in the process of its formation, it has undergone the destruction and transformation of various internal and external geological processes such as tectonic changes, weathering and unloading, so the rock mass is often cut by various structural planes (such as planes, joints, faults, flakes, etc.), making the rock mass a discontinuous medium with multiple fractures.

Third, the application is different.

1. Rocks. It is used to make building materials, precious stones, refined metals, and some minerals have special colors that can be used to make pigments.

2. Rock mass. The main application is engineering construction.

The connection between rock and rock mass is:

Rock mass is composed of rocks, which are usually formed by the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of the products of weathering, biological action and volcanism under surface conditions through external forces such as water, air and glaciers.

Difference Between Rock and Rock Mass:

1. The concept is different.

The concept of rock mass is different from that of rock, which is a collection of minerals whose characteristics can be characterized by rock blocks. A rock mass is a combination of one or more rocks or even rocks of different origins.

2. Different classifications.

Rocks are classified into magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks according to their genesis. Among them, magmatic rocks are rocks formed by the condensation of high-temperature molten magma on the surface or underground, also known as igneous rocks or ejecta rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of the products of weathering, biological and volcanic processes under surface conditions through the transport, sedimentation and diagenesis consolidation of external forces such as water, air and glaciers.

The ready-made rock mass has been damaged and transformed by various internal and external geological processes such as tectonic change, weathering, unloading, etc., and is often cut by structural planes such as joints, faults, planes and sheet planes, and has a certain structure and is affected by groundwater.

3. The products affected by the surface are different.

Metamorphic rocks are pre-formed magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks that are formed by metamorphism due to changes in the geological environment in which they are located.

There are three types of engineering rock mass: foundation rock mass, slope rock mass and underground cavern surrounding rock. In the process of engineering construction and use, the stability of the engineering rock mass directly affects the safety and stability of part of the project or even the entire project, and determines the success and failure of the project, which should be attached great importance to.

The biggest difference between rock and rock mass is that rock mass includes rock and the structural plane between rock and rock (fracture plane, joint plane, various interlayers).

[Rock mass].

Rock mass is defined as a part of the geological body, and is a collection of rocks with various lithological and structural characteristics in a certain geological environment, and can also be regarded as a joint composition of the structure and structural plane surrounded by the structural plane.

Rock and soil] Rock and soil is a general term for any kind of rock and soil that makes up the earth's crust from the perspective of engineering and construction.

Rock and soil can be subdivided into five categories: hard (hard rock), sub-hard (soft rock), weakly connected, loose and unconnected, and with special composition, structure, state and properties. In China, it is customary to refer to the first two categories as rocks and the last three as soils, collectively referred to as "rock and soil".

Rocks include rock blocks and rock masses. In a narrow sense, rock refers to a rock mass (intact rock that has not been damaged, excluding weak surfaces). There are various geological interfaces in the rock mass, such as bedding planes, joint planes, fractures, faults, etc.

A complete rock mass without a structural plane is the difference between rock, rock and rock mass

1. The rock mass includes rocks and the structural planes between rocks and rocks (fracture planes, joint planes, and various interlayers);

2. Rock emphasizes its own lithology and physical and chemical characteristics, while rock mass emphasizes the characteristics of rock as a geological body in the geological environment of Hungerliang, such as the nature of rock limbs, geological structure, strength, water content, etc., which contains a wider range of research content than rock.

Characteristics of rock mass: integral structure: high overall strength and stable rock mass.

Block structure: The structural planes are mutually contained, and the rock mass is basically stable. Laminar structure:

It is anisotropic and has poor stability. Fragmented structure: The deformation and strength are controlled by the weak structural plane, and the stability of the front is very poor.

Loose structure: integrity is compromised, stability is extremely poor, close to loose media.

According to the combination of structural planes and structures, especially the characteristics of structural planes, rock masses can be divided into the following structural types: Integral block structure, including integral (intermittent) structure, block structure and rhombic block structure; Layered structures, including layered structures and thin-layer (plate-like) knotted silver structures; fragmentation structures, including mosaic structures, lamellar fragmentation structures, and fragmentation structures; Bulk knotting and guessing, including block mud structure and mud block structure; Block-like structure, etc.

The main characteristics of the structural plane are as follows: the scale of the structural plane, the shape of the structural plane, the density of the structural plane, the connectivity and opening of the structural plane, the weak interlayer and the fracture zone. Characteristics of ruptured structure:

The integrity damage is large, the overall strength is greatly reduced, and it is controlled by weak structural surfaces such as fracture, and it is mostly an elastoplastic medium, and the stability is very poor.

Problems in engineering application: It is easy to cause large-scale rock instability, and special attention should be paid to the adverse effect of groundwater in aggravating rock mass instability. Bulk structure features:

The integrity is greatly damaged, the stability is extremely poor, and the rock mass properties are close to the loose mass medium. Types of rock mass and its engineering propertiesThe structure type of rock mass is divided into the following types according to the combination type of rock mass structure plane and structure and its engineering properties: integral structure, block structure, layered structure, fractured structure, and scattered structure.

For an explanation of strata see " Strata ". Also known as "strata rock". Towering mountain rocks.

Northern Wei Dynasty Li Daoyuan "Water Jing Note: Giant Horse Water": "The walls stand on the peaks, go straight up to the dry sky, look at the cliff side from afar, and there is a knife. Tang Luo Bing Wang's poem "Out of the Stone Gate":

The layers are far away from the sky, and the smoke is perched on the mountain. Song Wentong's poem "Summer Idle Book Mojun Hall Wall": "The strata rock is open to the outside of the Jeju faction, in front of the Aase flow window.

Yuan Wu Lai's poem "Mount Tai Gao Ji Chen Yanzheng": "The world can't go up if you want to, and the cliffs are climbing. Qing Zhaolian "Xiaoting Miscellaneous Records: Maolu Mountain":

All the generals are in the steep walls, dressed in grass clothes, climbing and advancing. The word decomposition Explanation of layers layer (layer) é重 (峦 ): stratus cloud.

Stratilayer peaks. Strands. Cascade.

Repetitively: endlessly. Level:

Level. Hierarchy. Superstratum.

Quantifier (..)Used for overlapping, accumulating things, such as "five floors" and congratulation;For things that can be itemized and stepped, such as "there is another layer of concern"; Used for the interpretation of rocks that can be derived from rocks á high cliffs:

Rock. Ravines. The stones that make up the earth's crust:

Rock. Grotto. Magma.

Terrane. Lava. Dangerous, precipitous :

Rock Insurance. Am-eup. Cave Trail Bucket:

Hollow diagenesis. Cave of the Rock Dwelling. Radical : Mountain.

The difference between rock strata and strata is as follows:

form different. 1. Rock layer: a layered rock composed of the same lithology limited by two parallel or nearly parallel interfaces.

2. Stratigraphy: A set of rock formations formed in a certain era in geological history, including the concept of time.

The characteristics are different. 1. Rock layer: composed of one layer or several layers. It is the basic stratigraphic unit and lithological unit of the sedimentary sphere.

Its upper and lower interfaces are called planes, with the top or upper layer and the bottom or lower plane. The vertical distance between the top and bottom surfaces is called the true thickness. The thickness perpendicular to the horizontal plane is called the straight lead thickness.

True thickness = lead straight thickness cos ( is the dip angle of the rock formation).

2. Strata: Stratum is a general term for all strata rocks, including metamorphic and volcanic strata, which is a layer or a group of rock strata with certain unified characteristics and attributes and distinct from the upper and lower strata.

The strata can be consolidated rocks or unconsolidated sediments, and can be separated by obvious layers or sedimentary discontinuities, or by less obvious characteristic boundaries such as lithology, fossils contained, mineral or chemical composition, and physical properties.

Rock strata refer to rock strata of different geological ages, different regions, and different degrees of weathering. Stratigraphy generally refers to rock and soil layers of different geological origins, different geological ages, different particle sizes, and different plastic states.

Rocks and rock masses are the direct objects of study of rock mechanics. To study and study rock mechanics, one must first establish the basic concepts of rocks (or rock blocks) and rock masses. Rock is the basic material that makes up the earth's crust, and it is a natural geological body formed by the condensation of minerals or cuttings under the action of geology according to certain laws.

For example, we usually see granite, limestone, gneiss.

All refer to rocks with a certain origin, a certain mineral composition and structural structure. Rocks can be composed of a single mineral, for example, pure marble is made of calcite.

Compose; Most rocks are composed of more than two minerals, for example, granite is mainly composed of three minerals: quartz, feldspar and mica. According to their genesis, rocks can be divided into three main categories, namely: magma.

rocks, sedimentary rocks.

and metamorphic rocks. Magmatic rocks are rocks formed by the condensation of magma. The vast majority of magmatic rocks are composed of crystalline minerals, and very few rocks are composed of amorphous minerals. Due to the chemical composition and physical properties of the various minerals that make up magmatic rocks.

It is relatively stable, and the connection between them is strong, so magmatic rocks usually have high mechanical strength and homogeneity.

Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the weathering and denudation of parent rocks (magmatic rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks that have already been formed) on the surface of the earth, and are formed by transport, sedimentation and consolidation. Sedimentary rocks are made up of grains and cements, each with a different composition. The grains include rock chips of different shapes and sizes and different minerals, and the common cements are calcareous, siliceous, ferruginous and argillaceous.

The physical and mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks are not only related to the composition of minerals and cuttings, but also to the properties of cementations, for example, siliceous, calcareous cemented sedimentary rocks, which are strong.