What philosophical ideas did Song Yingxing s scientific work Heavenly Creations put forward in the

In the book, the author emphasizes that human beings should be in harmony with nature, and human beings should be in harmony with natural forces.

Tiangong Kaiwu was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty). It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, and the author is Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars call it "the encyclopedia of Chinese craftsmanship in the 17th century".

The writing of the scientific and technological masterpiece "Heavenly Creation" is not accidental. During the Ming Dynasty, the social productive forces developed, agriculture, especially handicraft production, increased significantly, and the scale of the factory expandedThere are more, the domestic transportation is quite convenient, and the overseas ** is also with the development of navigation technologyAll these are objective conditions conducive to scientific and technological exchanges. Song Yingxing cared about the national economy and the people's livelihood, opposed empty talk, and was not bound by fame and fortune; to a certain extent, he broke through the so-called exploiting class prejudice of "wisdom from above and foolishness at the bottom," attached importance to production and labor, and was relatively close to the working people.

As the saying goes: "The country is unstable without agriculture, and agriculture is the first to plant." "The food problem has always been the primary problem in our country, in order to let the people have enough to eat, countless people have devoted themselves to agricultural research, until the advent of hybrid rice by Academician Yuan Longping, the food problem has been solved.

It is said that Academician Yuan Longping's idea of hybrid rice is based on a book called "Tiangong Kaiwu".

In the fifteenth year of Wanli <>, Song Yingxing was born in Fengxin County, Jiangxi. The Song family is a scholarly family, and Song Yingxing's great-grandfather Song Jing once served as the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Officials, but by the time of Song Yingxing's father Song Guolin, the family was already in a depression, and Song's father stopped at Xiucai all his life. Song's father, who has been a talent all his life, pinned his hopes on his son for fame.

Song Yingxing has shown an amazing talent for learning since he was a child, and his ability to "rhyme at the age of a few years" and his ability to remember is deeply loved by teachers and elders. At the age of 17, Song Yingxing lived up to expectations and passed the county examination and became a child. At that time, Song Yingxing learned a very wide range, four books and five classics, and all the sons and hundreds of schools were involved.

If such a gifted and diligent young man can devote himself to reading the books of the sages, his future is obviously self-evident. It's a pity that Song Yingxing is obsessed with those science and technology classics that are regarded as "useless learning".

Song Yingxing once heard that Shen Kuo's "Dream Creek Writings" is a book of high scientific value, and he is eager to have the opportunity to learn a thing or two. For this reason, every time Song Yingxing meets a literate neighbor or relative, he asks them if they have this book. Later, when he heard that a new batch of books had just come in from a bookstore in the town, Song Yingxing couldn't wait to run to the bookstore to find books.

It's a pity that there is no "Dream Creek Pen Talk" in it, and Song Yingxing has no answer, so he has to leave disappointed. On the way back, Song Yingxing found the words "Mengxi Pen Talk" from a pedestrian's paper wrapped in rice cakes, and hurriedly asked about the origin of rice cakes. Knowing that the paper came from an old man who sold rice cakes, Song Yingxing ran for several miles in one breath before he got half of "Mengxi Pen Talk" from the old man who sold rice cakes, and learned that the other half was in the pulp shop in Nancun.

Song Yingxing rushed to the pulp shop non-stop, only to find that the other half of "Mengxi Pen Talk" had been soaked in the pool with other books, ready to be pulped.

Seeing that the coveted book was about to leave him, Song Yingxing was so anxious that tears fell. In order to ask the boss to fish up "Mengxi Pen Talk", Song Yingxing took out all the money on his body, and took off his clothes to the boss as a gratuity.

Because Song Yingxing is well-informed, knowledgeable, and active in thinking, he was able to write this masterpiece.

Mainly because he is very intelligent and has a relatively advanced mind, he can write this kind of thing.

Tiangong Kaiwu" is a large-scale technical encyclopedia compiled and arranged by Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty. "Heavenly Creations" is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production, is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, the author is the Ming Dynasty scientist Song Yingxing. Foreign scholars call it "the encyclopedia of Chinese craftsmanship in the 17th century".

Tiangong Kaiwu records various techniques in ancient China before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty).

The book describes in detail the types, origins, production technologies and technological equipment of various crops and handicraft raw materials, as well as some production organization experience. The first volume records the cultivation and processing methods of cereals, beans and hemp, the weaving and dyeing techniques of silk, cotton ramie, and the processes of salt and sugar production. The contents of the middle volume include the production of bricks and ceramics, the construction of vehicles and ships, the casting and forging of metals, the mining and firing of coal, lime, sulfur and alum, as well as oil extraction and papermaking methods.

The second volume deals with the mining and smelting of metal minerals, the manufacture of weapons, the production of pigments and koji, and the collection and processing of pearls and jade.

Song Yingxing's collection, collation, and compilation of "Heavenly Creations" is the world's first encyclopedia of agriculture and handicraft production.

Song Yingxing, a native of Fengxin County, Jiangxi, was born in the middle of Wanli (1587) and died at the end of Shunzhi or the early years of Kangxi. At the age of 28, he was ranked third in the examination, but because he was not interested in the Eight Stocks, he focused on in-depth research and practical production technology. question.

At the age of 47, when he served as the teacher of Fenyi County, Jiangxi, he began to compile "Tiangong Kaiwu", at the age of 51, he was reappointed as the governor of Changting Mansion in Fujian, and three years later he was appointed as the governor of Bozhou, Anhui, and returned to his hometown when he died in the Ming Dynasty (1644), and left the officialdom.

Song Yingxing is a knowledgeable and versatile person. He is familiar with a variety of production techniques, and has studied astronomy, music and philosophy, etc., and his works include "Talking about the Heavens", "On Qi", "Painting and Correcting Sounds", "Wild Discussions", "Poetry of Compassion" and so on.

China has a fine tradition of agriculture-oriented, so there are many agricultural books in ancient times, but because industry and commerce have always been despised for industry, it is extremely rare to systematically record the handicraft production technology. Since the "Examination of Work", it can be said that it is "Heavenly Creation". The former is a work of the early days of feudal society, and the latter is a work of the embryonic period of capitalism, both of which are premised on the emergence of advanced modes of production, and it is not accidental.

After the publication of "Heavenly Creations", it soon spread to Japan, and was reprinted and engraved in Japan, and widely circulated; In 1869, there was a French abstract translation, and later it was translated into German and English, which was valued by all countries in the world. It is a valuable document about China's ancient production technology wood, especially handicraft production technology.

"Heavenly Creations" systematically summarizes various technologies in ancient China, constituting a complete scientific and technological system. It includes agriculture, handicrafts, and industrial production techniques such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, and oil extraction. Machinery, in particular, is described in detail.

It has been translated into many languages abroad. Written by Ming Dynasty scientist Song Yingxing (1587-1661), whose name is Chang Geng, and is a native of Fengxin, Jiangxi. It systematically summarizes the various technologies of ancient China and constitutes a complete scientific and technological system.

The rich experience in agriculture is summarized, and the achievements of process technology are fully reflected. Many of the production techniques described in the book have been used until modern times. The text of the book is concise and concise, and the records in the book are the result of the author's direct observation and research.

Since its publication, many versions have been circulated and have been translated into Japanese, English, French, German and other languages.

Answer] :(1) Song Yingxing was an outstanding scientist in the late Ming Dynasty. In the seventh year of Chongzhen, Song Yingxing, in the spirit of seeking truth, summarized and sorted out his long-term accumulated knowledge of production technology and other aspects, and compiled the book "Heavenly Creation".

2) The book is divided into 18 volumes according to the meaning of "precious grains and cheap gold and jade", which covers almost all the production techniques of items and utensils in people's daily life. The book is the largest in agricultural technology, which describes the production process and production experience of agriculture and sideline industries in China at that time, and not only contains the earliest record of the rational use of phosphate fertilizers in the history of Chinese agriculture, but also puts forward the theory of species variation. In the history of biology, "Tiangong Kaiwu" was the first to describe the use of different biological varieties to produce new excellent varieties, and recorded the use of hybrid advantages to improve varieties.

3) "Tiangong Kaiwu" also records a large number of ancient handicrafts in China's development of Chawanqing, which involves various industrial sectors at that time, including some generations-to-generation processes, technologies and process keys, and specifically describes various actual data in production (such as weight accurate to money, length accurate to inches). The book is accompanied by 123 process flow charts, vividly recording the production process, such as jacquard machines, drilling equipment, stepped porcelain kilns, jade processing grinders, etc., are the world's earliest scientific and technological catalogs, and have high value in the history of science. In the textile industry, the jacquard machine recorded in the book was the most advanced textile machinery in the world at that time, it was reasonable in structure, easy to operate, and could weave all kinds of exquisite silk; In the field of ship and vehicle manufacturing, the book introduces the manufacture of various ships and vehicles; In terms of tools and large-scale foundry, the book describes various advanced production processes of the time, many of which reached a fairly advanced level; With regard to metallurgy and mining, it records the "steel filling" method first created by the working people of China, which shows that China is one of the countries with advanced steelmaking technology in history.

In addition, some new manufacturing methods and properties are also documented. "Heavenly Creations" is not only rich in content, concise in writing, and concise in narrative, but also has a detailed description of the types, origins, production techniques and processes of various crops and handicraft raw materials discussed, and has accurate data, which fully reflects the author's scientific attitude of "exhaustive experimentation" and paying attention to reality.

In conclusion, Song Yingxing's Heavenly Creations is the world's first encyclopedia of agriculture and handicraft production, science and technology, reflecting the highest achievements of ancient Chinese science and technology during the Ming Dynasty.

1. The author of Tiangong Kaiwu is: Song Yingxing.

2. Song Yingxing (1587-1666), whose name is Chang Geng, was born in Fengxin County, Nanchang Prefecture, Jiangxi Province (now Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province), and was a famous scientist in the Ming Dynasty.

2. Song Yingxing devoted his life to the scientific investigation and research of agriculture and handicraft production, and collected rich scientific data; At the same time, his intellectual foresight made him a critical thinker of feudalism and medieval academic traditions.

3. Song Yingxing's writings and research fields involve different disciplines of natural sciences and humanities, and the most outstanding work "Heavenly Creations" is known as "the encyclopedia of Chinese crafts in the 17th century".