What are the common methods of surface irrigation in orchards??? Q

Orchard irrigation can generally be divided into three types: flood irrigation (including furrow irrigation), sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. Due to water scarcity and rising wages, the general trend is to gradually shift from flood irrigation to pipeline irrigation. System design is necessary to avoid failure and reduce costs, and the principle is to meet the maximum efficiency of the system function with the least amount of material and construction costs.

With the rapid development of water-saving irrigation technology, more and more regions and crops have begun to apply water-saving irrigation technology. Among them, orchard irrigation is the most widely used, and we will briefly introduce several ways of fruit tree irrigation

1. Surface irrigation: Ground irrigation requires little equipment, less and low cost, and is the most common traditional irrigation method in production, including flood irrigation, tree tray irrigation or tree row irrigation, furrow irrigation, channel furrow irrigation, etc. Irrigation methods such as flood irrigation, tree tray irrigation, tree row irrigation, and furrow irrigation are mostly used for surface irrigation of orchards in plain areas.

Vegetable plants are mostly cultivated, so the surface irrigation mostly adopts channel furrow irrigation. Herbaceous flowers grown in furrows can also be used in this way. Irrigation for woody ornamental plants is basically the same as for fruit trees.

In addition, flood irrigation is suitable for large-scale planting and dense lawns in high temperature areas in summer, and furrow irrigation is also suitable for large-area and wide-row cultivation of flowers and vegetables. Although the surface irrigation is simple and easy, the amount of irrigation is large, it is easy to destroy the soil structure, cause soil compaction, and the water consumption is large, the part near the water source is overirrigated, and the part of the far water outlet is not irrigated, so it is only suitable for flat land cultivation. In order to prevent soil compaction after irrigation, it is necessary to cultivate and loosen the soil in time after irrigation.

2. Sprinkler irrigation: Sprinkler irrigation, also known as artificial rainfall, is a semi-automatic irrigation method that uses sprinkler irrigation equipment to spray water into the air and land to the ground through nozzles under high pressure.

Sprinkler irrigation can be combined with foliar fertilization, physical pest control and other management at the same time, with the advantages of water saving, easy control, labor-saving and efficient, does not damage the soil structure, can wash away the dust on the surface of the plant, adjust the microclimate, and is suitable for various terrains. However, its equipment investment is large, and it cannot be applied in windy areas or windy seasons. When applying sprinkler irrigation, the size of the droplets should be appropriate.

3. Drip irrigation: drip irrigation is the most advanced irrigation method that directly transports water or fertilizer nutrients to the surface or deep layer of the soil near the root system of the plant, which has the advantages of continuous water supply, water saving, no damage to soil structure, maintenance of soil moisture stability, labor saving, time saving, etc., suitable for various terrains, and its soil moistening mode is the best mode for plant roots to absorb water. Now it is widely used in the production of fruit trees, vegetables and flowers, but its equipment is large, and in order to ensure that the dripper is not blocked, the requirements for water quality are stricter, the water filtration equipment should be precise, the cost is very high, from the perspective of water-saving irrigation, drip irrigation will be a promising irrigation mode in the future.

4. Underground irrigation: Underground irrigation is to bury the pipeline in the soil, and the water seeps out of the pipeline to moisten the soil, and the water supply irrigation, which is an ideal irrigation mode.

This method has the advantages of root water absorption, reduced water dispersion loss, no damage to soil structure, and uniform water distribution. However, due to the high cost of pipeline construction and the difficulty of maintenance, this method is gradually being replaced.

<>Our country has always been a big agricultural country, with thousands of years of agricultural civilization. The history of the evolution of agriculture over the past few thousand years is also the history of the evolution of various irrigation methods and irrigation tools. What are the common irrigation methods?

The more common irrigation irrigation includes furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is to spray water with a certain pressure into the air with the help of water pumps and pipe systems or the use of the drop of natural water trails to close the key source, scatter into small water droplets or form a mist to fall on the plants and the ground. Drip irrigation is the process of slowly and evenly dripping water with a certain pressure into the roots of plants in the form of droplets through the pipe network and outlet pipe (drip irrigation belt) or dripper.

At present, there are three main irrigation methods for spring soybeans: furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation.

1) Furrow irrigation. Furrow irrigation requires the construction of field channels or the purchase of large water pipes to transport water to the furrows. It is required to be level, and the irrigation is uniform and thorough.

Furrow irrigation is divided into ditch irrigation and ditch irrigation. When the drought is not severe, it is usually used for ditch irrigation. In order to improve the irrigation effect, avoid uneven irrigation and prevent the ridge from being broken, it is best to use sectional irrigation.

In addition, after irrigation, the soil should be compacted and loosened in a timely manner.

2) Sprinkler irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation is an irrigation method that sprays water with a sprinkler head through a complete set of mechanical irrigation equipment, and has the same effect as rainfall. Sprinkler irrigation can save 40% to 50% of water consumption compared with furrow irrigation, and the soil is not compacted after irrigation, which is conducive to regulating the field microclimate.

3) Drip irrigation. Drip irrigation requires a complete set of irrigation equipment, so that the water flows into the dropper set on each ridge, and then through the dripper, it infiltrates the ridge soil drop by drop. Drip irrigation can also save 40% to 50% of water consumption compared with sprinkler irrigation, which is more conducive to regulating the water, air and heat state of the soil, thereby promoting the growth and development of soybeans.

The irrigation methods are: furrow irrigation, furrow irrigation, flood irrigation, flood irrigation, micro sprinkler, drip irrigation, etc.

1. Furrow irrigation is to build ridges in the field and divide the field into many long and narrow plots, that is, furrow fields. The water is put into the furrow from the aqueduct or the hair channel, and the water flow in the furrow moves forward with a thin layer of water, and infiltrates and wets the soil layer while flowing;

2. Furrow irrigation is to dig irrigation ditches between crop rows, and after the irrigation water enters the irrigation ditch from the water delivery ditch or the hair canal, in the process of flowing, it mainly penetrates from the bottom of the ditch and the ditch wall to the surrounding area and moistens the soil by the action of soil capillaries;

3. Flooding irrigation, also known as grid irrigation, is to divide the irrigated land into many grid fields with ridges, and when irrigating, the water layer in the grid field is maintained at a certain depth, and the soil is moistened by gravity, which is mainly suitable for rice;

4. Flood irrigation is a relatively extensive irrigation method that does not make any ditches in the field, allows it to flow on the ground when irrigating, and infiltrates the soil by gravity. The uniformity of irrigation is poor, and the waste of water is large;

5. Micro spraying is also called spray drip irrigation, micro spraying technology is more water-saving than sprinkler irrigation, because the fog droplets are small, its adaptability is greater than sprinkler irrigation, and the whole process of crops from seedling stage to growth and harvest period is applicable. It is an advanced irrigation technology;

6. Drip irrigation is the use of plastic pipes to send water to the roots of crops through the orifice or dripper on the capillary with a diameter of about 10mm for local irrigation. It is the most effective water-saving irrigation method in arid and water-scarce areas, and the water utilization rate can reach 95%.

Irrigation can be divided into traditional irrigation and water-saving irrigation. Traditional irrigation refers to the method of irrigation water entering the field from the surface and directly infiltrating the soil, mainly flooding irrigation and flood irrigation. Flooding irrigation is to divide the irrigated land into many lattice fields with ridges, and when irrigating, the water layer in the lattice field is maintained at a certain depth, and the soil is moistened by gravity; Under the condition that there is no field irrigation project or the project is poor, after the water is introduced into the field, the water is allowed to flow into the soil and seep into the soil is flood irrigation. Water-saving irrigation measures include channel seepage prevention, water-saving ground irrigation, low-pressure pipeline water irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, spring irrigation, seepage irrigation, micro-sprinkling, etc.

Compared with traditional irrigation, water-saving irrigation saves water and labor, and reduces energy consumption, which is the development trend of modern urban agriculture and the way to achieve efficient use of water resources.