The classification system of the subclass Pentacarpus, an overview of the subclass Pentacarida

C. pentaphylla and subclass Magnolia are two clades, and C. pentaphylla belongs to the bridge of evolution from Subclass Magnolia to C. penta, and the main reasons are: 1A. pentaphylla and subclass Magnolia have many common characteristics in terms of cell wall composition, floral organ structure, ovule development, etc., indicating that they are closely related.

2.A. pentaphylla is at an important juncture in the history of plant evolution, and it is a key component of the transformation from the subclass Magnolia to the subclass A. penta. The study of the order A. pentacia helps us to understand the evolutionary history of plants.

3.The species diversity within the order is also abundant, including some important economic and medicinal plants, such as ginseng, peony, etc. These plants have a wide range of uses and important economic value in human life.

Therefore, it is a very important evolutionary branch of the plant kingdom, which connects the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of Pterocarpus in the process of transformation to the subclass of Pterocarpus, and plays the role of a bridge.

The reason why it is a bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the class is because it is an important evolutionary node in this group, which evolved from other groups of angiosperms. Wuguo is a further differentiation of the different Wuguo industry groups formed after the Yanqi Hehua. Therefore, Wuguozi not only carries the basic structure of the evolution of the Wufu Rotten fruit group, but also makes an important contribution to the re-evolution, which makes Wuguozi an important bridge in the evolutionary history of the Mulan subclass and the Wuguo.

The Pentepole Fruit Order is the bridge for the evolution of the subclass Magnolia to the subclass Pentagotha, mainly because the order Pentepole has many characteristics of the subclass Magnolia and the A. pentagona. For example, the fruit of the pentapole fruit order has five openings, similar to the fruit of the subclass Pentagothidae; The sexual and asexual conditions of its flowers are similar to those of the subclass Magnolia. In addition, some species of Pentepole have other characteristics, such as conidia and asymmetrical teanths, which are associated with species of both Magnolia and Pengoa.

Therefore, the order Pentepole is considered to be a transitional species between the two subclasses, which has great evolutionary significance.

Cinnathocarpa is a bridge for the evolution of the subclass Magnolia to the subclass of Pterocarpus, because there are similar morphological infiltration and ecological characteristics in both the order Pterocarpa and the subclass Magnolia. At the same time, their clump segments are also very close to each other and share the same ancestor. Therefore, the order plays a very key role in the evolution of the whole plant kingdom, and is one of the important evolutionary processes of the transition from the subclass Magnolia to the subclass Pterocarpus.

Pentepole is a bridge between the evolution of the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Pentadelida, because the order has transitional properties in terms of morphology and biological characteristics. Morphologically, the fruit of the pentapole fruit order Zhenggai plant is composed of five carpels, while the plant fruit of the subclass Wuya fruit is composed of five ventricles. This transition from carpel to ventricle is a key feature of the evolution of pentapole plants to pentagothonidae.

In terms of biological characteristics, the flowers of Pentepole plants have obvious sepals and petals, while the plants of Pentagotha are mostly petalless or sepal flowers. This transition from petaled or sepal to non-petaled or sepal is also an important feature of evolution. Therefore, it can be said that the pentapole fruit order is the bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Wuyagota, and its appearance fills the gap in biological evolution between the two subclasses.

The order is a bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of Pterocarpus, because it has some characteristics between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of Pterocarpus, including: the fruit petals are mostly single-petaled, rarely dentate, the tepals are very long, and there are often a majority, and the arrangement of the perianth pieces is more similar to that of the subclass P. pentacius. At the same time, compared with other subclasses of Magnolia, P. p. not only has a relatively single flower type and tepal arrangement, but also has a similar wind-borne pollination mechanism to P. p. spp., which makes P. p. a transition period in evolution, and is considered to be a bridge in the evolutionary process from the subclass Magnolia to the subclass P. penta.

Wuguo is the bridge between the evolution of the Mulan subclass and the Lugocarpa subclass, because the Wuguo subclass has the characteristics of the early real Mulan subclass, and at the same time has the characteristics of the later Lu Mulan subclass and the Wuguo subclass, and this special evolutionary path is very important in the evolutionary history. The structure of the five fruits has unique performances at the morphological, physiological and molecular levels, and its structure reflects some key events in the evolutionary process, which can provide an important basis for evolutionary research. At the same time, as an ancient taxon, it is also helpful to understand the historical and ecological characteristics of plant evolution.

Pentagothae is a bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Wuyagota, which is mainly due to its morphological characteristics and genetic relationships. The species morphology of the order Pentepole is between the Rolling Class and the Macrophylla of the Pentagocarpa order, which has both the lignification and stem and leaf differentiation of the Magnolia plants of the Mulan subclass, and the five carpels and pulp texture of the fruits of the Pentagocarpus. Genetic studies have shown that the genetic distance between Pentepole and Magnolia and Pentagophyra is relatively close, and it has its own unique genetic characteristics, which further proves its status as an evolutionary bridge.

Therefore, the existence of the pentapole is of great significance for the study of plant evolutionary files, and also helps us to better understand the evolutionary process of plants.

It is considered to be a bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of A. pentacia for the following two main reasons:

1.In terms of morphological and ecological characteristics, A. pentachys has intermediate transitional properties. It not only has some characteristics of the subclass Magnolia, such as lignified fruits and the habits of woody trees, but also has some characteristics of the subclass Pterocarpus, such as the hermaphroditism of flowers and most petals.

Therefore, the order has intermediate transitional properties in terms of morphological and ecological characteristics, and is considered to be the bridge of the evolution from the subclass Magnolia to the subclass of the Cinnamomum penta.

2.A. pentacia is a sister group between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass A. pentacia on evolutionary trees. Based on biosystematics and molecular systematics, it has been found that the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of A. pentacrylicum are the sister groups between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of the metaphyllum on the evolutionary tree, and are most closely related to these two subclasses.

Therefore, the order is considered to be a bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of A. penta, which has an important evolutionary meaning.

Because the order Angiosperm refers to a group of angiosperms with a total of about 90 families, the species under this order are closely arranged and the morphology is basically similar, so it is considered to be a group of plants with relatively early origin and primitive origin. Because of its special morphology, the burial of the tomb is of great significance in plant taxonomy.

The position of the order Pterocarpus in the history of evolution is very special because they have many characteristics of both the "subclass Magnolia" and the "subclass of the subclass Penta", and are considered to be the "bridge" of evolution between these two subclasses. The early plants of the order Pterocarpus had relatively primitive characteristics, such as the large flowers of the Magnoliaceae of the subclass Magnolia, and the small flowers of the Rhododendron family of the subclass Cinnamomum Cinnaria. It can be considered that the order A. angustifolia plays a transitional and positive link role in the plant phylogenetic tree, and the differences in morphological characteristics between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass A. pentacia are gradually reduced, so that the connection between the two subclasses that are far away in the phylogenetic tree is closer.

The order Pentapocarpa and the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Wuyagoa all belong to the phylum Angiosperm and are a kind of higher plants. The order Pentaposperm is an independent order in angiosperms and is a relatively primitive angiosperm. On the other hand, Magnolia and A. Pentagocarpus are the fur plants with a high degree of evolutionary rotation, and they have formed a more diverse flower structure and a more complex reproductive system than those of the order Pentoctopae in the process of evolution.

Therefore, the order has become a bridge for the evolution of the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Wuyagoa, and there are some common characteristics and evolutionary paths between them. By studying the relationship between the order Wufen and the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Wuyago, we can better understand the evolution process and evolution law of angiosperms, and provide an important reference for the research in the field of biology.

The main reason is that the order has the characteristics of amphibians, including cotyledons, primordium adhesion, leaflet type, and inflorescences. These characteristics are similar to those of the subclass Cinnamomum pentacius. The order also has some common characteristics of the subclass Magnolia, such as monocophyllum leaves, woody petals, woody raspberries, etc., so the order has become a bridge for the evolution of the subclass Magnolia to the subclass of the Penta.

In addition, the difference between the order and other subclasses is also related to the evolution and growth mode of plants. The seedlings of the A. chinensis plant have characteristics such as primordium adhesion and soft inflorescences, which can adapt to the pressure of the terrestrial environment and help to provide sufficient nutrients or water for the plants, so that they can grow more stably on land. Therefore, the evolution of the subclass of A. pentacia into the subclass A. pentacia provides a key bridge for the evolution and growth of land plants.

Pterocarpa is a bridge between the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Quinta, as it has some characteristics that resemble both the subclass Magnolia and the subclass Quinta. Although the structure of the order is closer to that of the subclass Pterocarpus, the connection between it and the subclass Magnolia is still very clear. In the process of evolution, the order A. pentaphyllum gradually transformed into the subclass A. penta, but in the process retained some features of the Silurian period, which are no longer present in other taxa.

Because of these characteristics of both the subclass Magnolia and the subclass of Cinnamomum pentacia, it is regarded as a transitional form between the two subclasses, and it has become a bridge between the two.

Dilleniidae is a subclass of the phylum Angiosperms and Dicotyledons.

Dilleniidae is a classification of flowering plants in the Cronquist taxonomy.

often woody, single side leaves, flowers are often radially symmetrical, detached, a few are conjoined petals or non-fissure; few stamens, centrifugally developed; The pistils are mostly conzynate carpels, the ovary is superior, the axial placenta is often the central or lateral membranous placenta, and the plant body usually contains tannic acid.

A shrub or perennial herb with rhizomes. The leaves are alternate, with two back and three compound leaves, without supporting leaves. The flowers are large, often apical alone, bisexual, radially symmetrical, usually pollinated by beetles.

5 sepals, staggered. Petals 5 10 pieces, tiled-like, white, pink, purple or yellow. The stamens are numerous, centrifugally developed, the anthers are extroverted, oblong.

The flower disc is fleshy, ring-shaped or cup-shaped. Carpels 2 5, meristem, ovary with 2 rows of ovules along the ventral suture, fertilization to form follicles with leathery peels. The seeds are large, reddish-purple, with aril and abundant endosperm.

Only 1 genus of Paeonia spp., about 35 species, mainly distributed in Eurasia, a few in western North America. There are 11 species in China, which are distributed in southwest, northwest, central, north and northeast. The woody peony group is a specialty of China.

Paeonia suffruticosa is a special Chinese shrub, a small shrub, 1 2 meters high, the compound leaves are very large, the leaflets are three shallowly lobed, the top of the flower solitary stem, 20 30 cm in diameter, yellow, purple, red and white and other colors, the flower plate is cup-shaped, and the 4 5 carpels are completely enclosed. The root bark is called danpi and is commonly used as a menstrual medicine and a tonifying agent. The flowers are beautiful and are garden treasures, and the most varieties are cultivated in Luoyang, Henan Province and Heze, Shandong Province.

Paeonia lactiflora is a perennial herb with rhizomes distributed in Shaanxi, Shanxi and northern Hebei in China, Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, and Siberia in Russia, with two and three compound leaves lanceolate, with bony teeth at the margins, apical and axillary flowers, 10 cm in diameter, white, pink or purple, and the flower disc is annular, surrounding only the base of the carpel group. Peony has been cultivated in China for more than 2,000 years. The root bark is called white peony, which has analgesic and antipyretic effects.