The basic content of the Athenian Charter, which attempts to describe the formation of the constitu

Describe the formation of the "constitution" of Athens.

View answer analysis 【Correct answer】 Athens is a typical example of slavery democracy in ancient Greek city-states, so it is called the "constitution" of Athens. The process of its formation includes: (1) the Titus reform.

Titus united the four tribes of Athens and established a council and administrative body centered on Athens; The entire freedmen of Athens were divided into three classes: nobles, peasants, and craftsmen, and the power of the Athenian city-state was in the hands of the consuls and the council of nobles. (2) Draghu legislation. Dragus compiled the customary laws of Athens into the first written law of Athens.

3) Solon's reforms. The "Discharge Order" was promulgated to abolish the system of debt slavery. Replace the hereditary system with property privileges and office privileges.

Increasing the role of popular assemblies and establishing a 400-member council and jury courts. A series of regulations for the development of the economy were promulgated to promote the development of the industrial and commercial economy of Athens. Repeal the draconian laws of the "Draghu Law" and retain only the provisions on homicide.

4) Cristini legislation. The original four clans and tribes were abolished, and citizens and electoral districts were divided according to geography. The role of the popular assembly will be further enhanced by the establishment of a 500-member council.

The Shell Banishment Act was enacted to prevent political careerists from establishing tyrannical regimes. (5) Affelt legislation. A series of acts were passed to deprive the nobility of their powers, abolishing the power of the noble council to try public officials for dereliction of duty, and establishing a system of grievances against wrongdoing.

6) Pericles legislation. Consuls and other levels of executive office are elected by lot and are open to citizens of all ranks. Expand the powers of the popular assembly.

The 500-member council was retained as a permanent body of the popular assembly. A jury court of 6,000 members was established as the highest judicial body in Athens. Implement a system of allowances for public servants.

p37-p41）

Answer analysis] Knowledge points of this question: Athenian legal system,

Athens. The Charter is a document on the theoretical principles and methods of urban planning, adopted by the 4th Conference of the International Association of Modern Buildings in Athens, Greece, in August 1933. It was Le Corbusier, the host of the association at the time.

Produced under direct participation. The Chinese translation of 1951 was called the Outline of the Urban Plan.

The Charter of Athens recognizes that the fundamental factors influencing urban development are constantly evolving, and that urban planning must therefore anticipate the different stages of urban development in time and space, and combine various natural, social, economic and cultural factors in the planning to establish values based on human needs and human beings.

It points out that the four major functions of the city, such as residence, work, recreation and transportation, should be developed in a coordinated manner, and that residence is the primary function of the city, and the best area should be occupied by the residential area; in population density.

High-rise residential buildings were built in the higher limb submerged areas.

However, green spaces and open spaces should be set aside; Residential buildings should not be built along traffic arteries; Residential areas should be planned in accordance with the principle of neighborhood units. The distance between the place of work and residence in the city should be accessible in the shortest possible time; Industrial and residential areas should be separated by green zones or buffer zones; Small-scale industries, which are closely related to daily life and do not cause interference, should remain in urban areas. Vacant land should be set aside in advance for the construction of parks, sports fields and children's playgrounds in new residential areas; Areas of natural beauty, such as rivers, beaches, forests, lakes, etc., near cities should be protected.

The planning and design of the road system should be differentiated according to different functions. Buildings, especially residential buildings, should be separated from traffic arteries by green belts. Ancient buildings with historical value should be preserved, and traffic arteries should avoid crossing ancient building areas.

The Charter of Machu Picchu, adopted in 1977, provides a historical evaluation of the Athens Charter and modifies or develops the ideas and principles of the Athens Charter in a number of areas in the light of new circumstances. Encyclopedia of China Database.

Ancient buildings with historical value should be properly preserved and should not be destroyed.

1) Buildings that are truly representative of a certain period, can arouse general interest, and can educate the people.

2) Retain those who do not harm the health of residents.

3) Under all possible conditions, all dry and collapsed roads should be avoided from passing through the ancient building areas, so that traffic does not increase congestion and does not hinder the new development of the city for a turnaround.

Slums in the vicinity of historic buildings, if systematically cleared, can improve the living conditions of nearby residential areas and protect the health of the residents of the area.

The Charter of Athens, the "Outline of Urban Planning", a programmatic document on urban planning drawn up by the International Association of Architects (Architectural Association Jean-Min at the Athens Conference in August 1933). It epitomizes the noisy views of the "New Tan Bangzhi Architecture" school of the time, especially Le Corbusier in France. He proposed that the city and its surrounding areas of influence should be studied as a whole.

In August 1933, the 4th meeting of the International Association of Modern Architecture (CIAM) adopted the Outline of Urban Planning, a programmatic document on the theory and methods of urban planning, which later became known as the Charter of Athens. The Outline puts forward the idea of urban functional zoning and people-oriented, which reflects the views of the "modern architectural school" in a concentrated manner. (The Charter of Athens was a work perfected by Le Corbusier, based on the results of the discussions at the 4th CIAM, mainly by individuals, published in France, 1943).

The city and its surrounding areas of influence should be studied as a whole. The "Outline" first pointed out that the purpose of urban planning is to solve the normal operation of the four major functional activities of living, working, recreation and transportation.

According to the Outline, the housing problems are mainly due to excessive population density, lack of open space and greenery; poor quality of living environment; Houses are built along the street, which affects the quiet living and lack of sunlight; There are too few public facilities and their distribution is not reasonable. It is recommended that residential areas should have green belts to be separated from traffic roads, and different population density standards should be adopted for different areas.

According to the Outline, the work problem is mainly due to the unplanned arrangement of the work station in the city, far from the residential area, and thus the excessive congestion and concentration of ** traffic. It is advisable to systematically determine the relationship between industry and residence.

According to the Outline, the main problem of recreation is the lack of open space in large cities. It is pointed out that the small area of urban green space and the inappropriate location are not conducive to the improvement of living conditions. It is suggested that more vacant land should be reserved for new residential areas, green spaces should be added to old areas, population density should be reduced in old areas, and good scenic areas should be retained in the suburbs.

According to the Outline, the main traffic problem is that most of the urban roads are left over from the old era, with insufficient width and too many intersections, which cannot be classified according to function. It is also believed that partial relaxation and renovation of roads will not solve the problem. It is recommended to start with the planning of the entire road system and classify the functions according to the speed of the vehicle.

In addition, the "Outline" also points out that the excessive concentration of office buildings, commercial services, cultural and entertainment facilities, etc., is also an important reason for traffic congestion.

The Outline also mentions that places of interest and historic buildings should be preserved in the process of urban development.

Finally, the Outline points out that the contradictions in the cities are caused by changes in the mode of production of large industries and the private ownership of land. The city should be planned according to the will of the people of the city. The steps are:

On the basis of regional planning, after zoning and balancing according to residence, work and recreation, a transportation network connecting the three is established, and residential is emphasized as the main factor of the city. Urban planning is a three-dimensional spatial science, which should consider three-dimensional space and ensure the realization of planning in the form of national laws.