The basic properties of the nucleus, the basic properties of the atom

The Atom's Fundamentals Ortho-Cryptocilin:

1. Atom is also a kind of particle that constitutes matter, and its mass and volume are very small.

2. Atoms, like molecules, are constantly moving at high speed. The higher the temperature, the greater the energy and the faster the movement.

3. There is also a certain interval between atoms.

Introduction to Atoms

Atom (foreign name: atom) refers to the basic particles that cannot be separated from chemical reactions. Atoms are inseparable in chemical reactions but can be divided in the physical state, and atoms are made up of nuclei and electrons moving around the nucleus.

An atom constitutes the smallest unit of matter in general, and is called an element.

Nature Impact

1. The mass of the atom is very small.

2. Irregular movement without stopping.

3. There is a gap between atoms.

4. The properties of the same kind of atoms are the same, and the properties of different kinds of atoms are different.

Important parameters

Mass

mass number) Since the mass of protons and neutrons is similar and much larger than that of electrons, the relative atomic mass is defined by the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of the atom, which is called the mass number.

Relative atomic mass

The resting mass of an atom is usually expressed in a uniform atomic mass unit (u), also known as a dalton (da). This unit is defined as one-twelfth of the mass of electrically neutral carbon-12, which is about: The lightest isotope of hydrogen, Cyptonium, is the lightest atom and weighs about.

The mass of an atom is approximately the product of the mass number and the unit of atomic mass. The heaviest stable atom is lead-208 with a mass of .

Moore Mole

Even the heaviest atoms are difficult for chemists to manipulate directly, so they often use a different unit mole. Mole is defined as the fact that for any element, one mole always contains the same number of atoms, about one.

Therefore, if the atomic mass of an element is 1u, the mass of that atom is (, which is 1 gram. For example, the atomic mass of carbon-12 is 12u, and the mass of one mole of carbon is.

Atomists believe that countless atoms were initially in a vortex motion, the heavy atoms were spinning and combining to form the earth, and the light atoms were thrown into the outer layer. Atoms collide with each other in rotation, and atoms of different shapes are either combined due to mutual hooking and meganuclear entanglement, or separated by staggering and falling off. Everything in the world is created by the union of atoms and disappears by the separation of atoms.

Introduction to AtomsAtoms are the basic particles that cannot be separated from chemical reactions. Atoms are inseparable in chemical reactions, but they can be divided in the physical state.

An atom is made up of a nucleus and electrons that move around the nucleus. Atoms make up the smallest unit of the group of substances in general, called elements. There are 118 known elements.

Hence has a nuclear structure.

The nature of the atom is that the mass of the atom is very small; non-stop irregular movements; There are gaps between atoms.

An atom is the smallest unit in which an element retains its chemical properties. A positive atom contains a dense nucleus and a number of negatively charged electrons surrounding the nucleus of the atom. Whereas, the nucleus of a negative atom is negatively charged, and the surrounding negative electrons are positively charged.

The nucleus of a positive atom is made up of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.

The order of magnitude of the atomic diameter is about 10 m. The mass of an atom is extremely small, generally to the power of -27, and the mass is mainly concentrated in protons and neutrons. Electrons are distributed outside the nucleus, and the electron transitions produce spectral simplicity, which determines the chemical properties of an element and has a great influence on the magnetic properties of the atom.

All atoms with the same number of protons make up the elements, each of which mostly has an unstable isotope that can undergo radioactive decay. The atom was first an abstract concept with ontological significance in philosophy, and with the progress of human understanding, the atom gradually became a scientific theory from an abstract concept. The nucleus and electrons are microscopic particles that make up atoms.

Nucleus:

All the protons and neutrons in an atom combine to form a very small nucleus, and together they can also be called nucleons. The radius of the nucleus is approximately equal to fm, where a is the total number of nucleons. The atomic radius is on the order of magnitude about 105fm, so the radius of the nucleus is much smaller than the radius of the atom.

Nuclei are bound together by residual force that can act over short distances. When the distance is smaller, the strong force is much greater than the electrostatic force, so it is able to overcome the mutual repulsion between positively charged protons.

Atoms of the same element carry the same number of protons, and this number is also called atomic number. For a particular element, the number of neutrons can change, which determines which isotope of the atom is trapped in this element. The number of protons and neutrons determines which nuclide of this element the atom is.

The number of neutrons determines how stable the atom is, and some isotopes are able to spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. Neutrons and protons are both types of fermions, and according to the Pauli incompatibility principle in quantum mechanics, it is impossible to have two identical fermions having the same quantum physical state at the same time.

The matter in our daily life is made up of atoms. In the past, atoms were considered elementary particles, and the word atom comes from the ancient Greek word for "indivisible". Later, it was discovered that atoms are composed of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons.

The internal composition of the atom is shown in the following analysis:

The middle sign in the figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubit (qubit).

Famous physicist John. Wheeler John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the prosperity of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits.

1. Radioactivity

Each element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that allow for radioactive decay, in which the nuclei can emit particles or electromagnetic radiation. Radioactive decay can occur when the radius of the nucleus is greater than the radius of the force, which is only a few femtometers.

2. Magnetic moment

Elementary particles have an intrinsic property, just as objects revolving around the center of mass in macroscopic physics have angular momentum, which is called spin in quantum mechanics. But strictly speaking, these particles are just dots and cannot be rotated.

3. Energy level

In an atom, the potential energy of an electron is inversely proportional to its distance from the nucleus. The potential energy of an electron is measured, and the usual ridge measurement is the amount of energy required to detach the electron from an atom, measured in electron volts (EV). In the quantum mechanical model, electrons can occupy only a set of states centered on the nucleus of the panther in the original trace, and each state corresponds to an energy level.

The impact of atoms.

The power of the atom is very large, and the energy of the nucleus of the atom will be relatively harmful after it is released. But there is also a benefit, that is, if we are good at using it, it can help us. The radiation of the nucleus of the atom can be absorbed by the plant to reduce our damage.

But what we can usually do is try to use as little as possible with atomic energy, so that we can do less damage. It is necessary to be good at observing and keeping abreast of new methods to better prevent them.

The atomic nucleus is the main component of the atom, located in the bimo** of the atom, which accounts for about the mass of the atom, and the density of the nucleus is extremely large, with a nuclear density of about 10 14g cm3. The nucleus of an atom is composed of uncharged neutrons and positively charged protons (two types of baryons are made up of 3 quarks). When there are an equal amount of electrons around it than the protons in it, it constitutes an atom.

The nucleus is extremely small, for example, the atomic radius of uranium is 26634, and the proportion of the radius of the nucleus of hydrogen is 60250. But in this tiny nucleus, the mass of the atom is concentrated.

There are mesons in the nucleus of the atom shuttling back and forth between protons and neutrons (transmitting strong nuclear force), neutrons release - after the meson becomes a proton, soon the proton releases + meson becomes a neutron, and the proton and neutron in the primordial pure son nucleus shuttle back and forth through the meson, and the transformation of each other is the mode of action of the strong nuclear force (see the figure below).

The number in the figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubits (qubits) by the famous physicist John. John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the development of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits) Note: Bits are bits.