What are the properties of atoms? What determines the chemical properties of an atom?

Atomists believe that countless atoms were initially in a vortex motion, the heavy atoms were spinning and combining to form the earth, and the light atoms were thrown into the outer layer. Atoms collide with each other in rotation, and atoms of different shapes are either combined due to hooking and entanglement with each other, or separated by staggering and falling off. Everything in the world is created by the union of atoms and disappears by the separation of atoms.

Democritus called the whirlpool motion of atoms necessity, saying that "all things come into being according to necessity" and that "nothing arises arbitrarily." If he understands "necessity" as a "cause" as opposed to "arbitrariness", then these words express the meaning that the cause of the creation of all things is the motion of atoms. However, if the "necessity" here is understood as the "necessary cause" as opposed to the "accidental cause", then these words are difficult to hold.

This is because the vortex motion of atoms is disordered, much like the "Brownian motion" of molecules in thermodynamics today; As Democritus put it, "Atoms are a mess in the void." "There is no reason why the children must be united in this way, and not in that way, to produce this thing, and not that thing.

The disordered motion of atoms can only be caused by chance.

Apart from atoms and voids, atomists no longer resort to other principles of interpretation. Atomism can be said to be the most concise theoretical form of elemental theory, which no longer contains some unnecessary assumptions of the four-root theory and the seed theory. According to Democritus, the soul and mind, which are regarded as the source of movement, are in fact fine spherical atoms, because "the sphere is the easiest shape to move."

This still emphasizes the geometric properties of the atom. However, he also saw that the most movable physical element was fire, and thus said that the soul was a fire or hot thing.

Matter in our daily lives is made up of atoms. In the past, atoms were considered elementary particles, and the word atom comes from the ancient Greek word for "indivisible". Later, it was discovered that atoms are composed of positively charged nuclei and negatively charged electrons.

The internal composition of the atom is shown in the following analysis:

The number in the figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubits (qubits) by the famous physicist John. Wheeler John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the development of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits) Note: Bits are bits.

Chemical propertiesMainly by:Atomic structureIn fact, what is decided is also related to other factors. For example, the brigade orange that is formulated into a solutionElectrolytesIt's much faster to participate in the reaction.

2.The main factors affecting physical properties include at least two aspects: one is the atomic structure, and the other is the internal structure of macroscopic substances.

3.The number of outermost electrons is closely related to the properties of metal elements, and the number of outermost electrons of metal elements is generally less than 4, and it is easy to lose electrons in chemical reactions. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of non-metallic elements is generally greater than or equal to 4, and electrons are easy to obtain.

Noble gasesA stable structure with an outermost electron count of 8 (2 for helium) is not easy to gain and lose electrons, and its chemical properties are not active.

Chemical properties are characterized by the fact that after the properties of the substance are measured, the original substance disappears. For example, people can use the method of changing the slip combustion to measure whether the substance is flammable, and the method of heating to see whether it decomposes can measure the stability of the substance. The oxidation of a substance in a chemical reaction.

Reducibility, the universality of various substances, etc., are all chemical properties.

The molecule is the smallest grain that maintains the chemical properties of the substance, such as: steamed bread encounters solid iodine, iodine solution, iodine vapor will turn blue. Oxygen is a molecule, and oxygen has the property of oxygen atoms.

Not really.

The chemical properties of an atom are determined by the electrons outside the nucleus of the atom, which mainly depend on the outermost electronic structure and electron number, the laughing hail state, and the electronic structure and electron number of the subouter shell.

Chemical properties are the properties of substances that exhibit in chemical changes. For example, the chemical properties of the substance category: acidic, alkaline, oxidizing, reducible, thermal stability and some other properties.

Chemical properties and chemical changes are inherent properties of any substance, such as oxygen, which has flammability as its chemical property; At the same time, oxygen can react with hydrogen to produce water, which is its chemical property.

Any substance is distinguished from other substances by its very different chemical properties and chemical changes; Chemical properties are the relative restiness of a substance, and chemical change is the relative motion of a substance.

Such as flammability, stability, instability, thermal stability, acidity, alkaline, oxidation, combustibility, reduction, complexation, toxicity, corrosiveness, metallic, non-metallic and certain substances react with the phenomenon. The chemical properties of a substance can be known by the method of causing a chemical reaction of a substance.

For example, carbon is burned in the air to produce carbon dioxide; Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium chloride and water; Heating KCLO3 to melting can re-ignite the sparkled strips, indicating that KCLO3 can release O2 when heated to higher temperatures. Therefore, KCLO3 has the chemical property of producing O2 by thermal splitting and source solution. Chemical properties are characterized by the fact that after the properties of the substance are measured, the original substance disappears.

For example, people can use the method of combustion to measure whether the substance is flammable, and the method of heating to see whether it decomposes can measure the stability of the substance. The oxidation, reduction, and universality of various substances exhibited by substances in chemical reactions are all chemical properties.

The chemical similarity of atoms is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell.

The number of outermost electrons is less than (or equal to) 3, such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal elements, it is easy to lose the outermost electrons and reach a stable structure of the outermost 8 electrons, which makes it have strong metallicity and reducibility. However, this does not apply to subgroup elements, such as gold and silver, which have 1 electron in the outermost shell, and mercury in the outermost shell which has 2 electrons, but they are both inactive.

In an atom, electrons and protons are attracted to each other by the electromagnetic force, which binds the electrons in an electrostatic potential well that surrounds the nucleus, from which external energy is required to escape. The closer the electron is to the nucleus, the greater the force of attraction. Therefore, electrons that are close to the nucleus require more energy to escape as compared to the outer electrons.

An atomic orbital is a mathematical equation that describes the probability distribution of electrons within a nucleus. In practice, only one set of discrete (or quantized) orbits exists, and the other possible forms will quickly collapse into a more stable form. These tracks can have one or more rings or nodes, and they vary in size, shape, and spatial orientation.

1. Radioactivity

Each element has one or more isotopes that have unstable nuclei that allow for radioactive decay, in which the nuclei can emit particles or electromagnetic radiation. Radioactive decay can occur when the radius of the nucleus is greater than the radius of the force, which is only a few femtometers.

2. Magnetic moment

Elementary particles have an intrinsic property, just as objects revolving around the center of mass in macroscopic physics have angular momentum, which is called spin in quantum mechanics. But strictly speaking, these particles are just dots and cannot be rotated.

3. Energy level

In an atom, the potential energy of an electron is inversely proportional to its distance from the nucleus. The potential energy of an electron is measured, and the usual ridge measurement is the amount of energy required to detach the electron from an atom, measured in electron volts (EV). In the quantum mechanical model, electrons can occupy only a set of states centered on the nucleus of the panther in the original trace, and each state corresponds to an energy level.

The impact of atoms.

The power of the atom is very large, and the energy of the nucleus of the atom will be relatively harmful after it is released. But there is also a benefit, that is, if we are good at using it, it can help us. The radiation of the nucleus of the atom can be absorbed by the plant to reduce our damage.

But what we can usually do is try to use as little as possible with atomic energy, so that we can do less damage. It is necessary to be good at observing and keeping abreast of new methods to better prevent them.

The nature of the atom is that the mass of the atom is very small; non-stop irregular movements; There are gaps between atoms.

An atom is the smallest unit in which an element retains its chemical properties. A positive atom contains a dense nucleus and a number of negatively charged electrons surrounding the nucleus of the atom. Whereas, the nucleus of a negative atom is negatively charged, and the surrounding negative electrons are positively charged.

The nucleus of a positive atom is made up of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.

The order of magnitude of the atomic diameter is about 10 m. The mass of an atom is extremely small, generally to the power of -27, and the mass is mainly concentrated in protons and neutrons. Electrons are distributed outside the nucleus, and the electron transitions produce spectral simplicity, which determines the chemical properties of an element and has a great influence on the magnetic properties of the atom.

All atoms with the same number of protons make up the elements, each of which mostly has an unstable isotope that can undergo radioactive decay. The atom was first an abstract concept with ontological significance in philosophy, and with the progress of human understanding, the atom gradually became a scientific theory from an abstract concept. The nucleus and electrons are microscopic particles that make up atoms.

Nucleus:

All the protons and neutrons in an atom combine to form a very small nucleus, and together they can also be called nucleons. The radius of the nucleus is approximately equal to fm, where a is the total number of nucleons. The atomic radius is on the order of magnitude about 105fm, so the radius of the nucleus is much smaller than the radius of the atom.

Nuclei are bound together by residual force that can act over short distances. When the distance is smaller, the strong force is much greater than the electrostatic force, so it is able to overcome the mutual repulsion between positively charged protons.

Atoms of the same element carry the same number of protons, and this number is also called atomic number. For a particular element, the number of neutrons can change, which determines which isotope of the atom is trapped in this element. The number of protons and neutrons determines which nuclide of this element the atom is.

The number of neutrons determines how stable the atom is, and some isotopes are able to spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. Neutrons and protons are both types of fermions, and according to the Pauli incompatibility principle in quantum mechanics, it is impossible to have two identical fermions having the same quantum physical state at the same time.