The Hubble telescope takes all black and white photos, why do we see them in color?

In order to facilitate the study and discrimination, the image signals collected by the Hubble telescope will be post-processed into color**, and different information will be expressed in color, so what we see is color.

Because what we see is the ** that scientists have undergone color restoration, it is color.

These ** are processed. The color ** we see is the effect that has been post-processed by the computer.

Because our researchers will color the ** according to the parameters after getting the **, we have the color **.

This is because the Hubble telescope records the spectral electrical signal of the photographed image during the shooting process. These electrical signals are later restored and then turned into color.

The beautiful universes we've seen** are basically taken by the Hubble telescope. The grandeur is so exquisite, it is simply a hand-drawn drawing of a wide smile at God, but the drawings we see are all "repaired" by NASA staff.

Image: Horsehead Nebula.

The Hubble Telescope is a space telescope developed by scientists to overcome atmospheric interference. By placing the telescope in a high orbit outside the atmosphere, there is no interference from the atmosphere, and the images obtained are more than 10 times clearer than those of surface telescopes.

Pictured: Hubble Telescope in orbit.

The Hubble telescope is the eye of an astronomer, and it is an unparalleled eye, which can be said to have created modern astronomy, but this eye did not come well. At the beginning, the thickness of the main lens after the launch, and then the five major repairs and instrument replacements, exhausted the efforts of the ground staff. So much so that the later high maintenance costs were too much for NASA to afford, and it was later rebuilt at the joint request of the National Astronomical Association and scientists.

Image: Hubble photographing a hidden nova cluster.

Hubble's imaging is a Cassegrain system, the primary mirror of meters, reflects the light to the front diameter of 30cm secondary mirror, the secondary mirror is a convex mirror, the pre-focused light extends the focal length, reflects to the optical analysis system behind the primary mirror, passes through the hole in the middle of the primary mirror, and there is a columnar secondary extinction of discressing light between the hole and the secondary mirror, and the main lens barrel also has a main extinction aperture, which is focused to form a focal plane behind the primary mirror.

Figure: Hubble imaging light structure.

Pictured: Internal structure of the Hubble Telescope.

There is also a splitting system of semi-reflectors in front of the focal plane, which reflects part of the light to the optical analysis system above for analysis, and part of it is reflected to the bottom for imaging processing. The Hubble telescope is not only in the visible band, but also in the ultraviolet and near-infrared bands.

It is also equipped with a planetary camera, a wide-angle camera, an optical survey camera, 3 high-precision guide star gyroscopes, a wide-area camera, and an optical corrective lens (glasses) installed at the beginning of the accuracy problem, and there are 16 million black and white CCD cameras, which are generally black and white images, and filter imaging is carried out through the distribution of the elements of the observed celestial bodies, and then the images of different filter images are superimposed to form color images, which are published on the official website after being "retouched" by the staff.

Pictured: Original Hubble.

Figure: Overlay. Pictured: Staff grooming.

Launched in 1997, the Hubble Telescope has been in service for more than 10 years and is expected to remain in service until 2020. It will then be succeeded by its successor, the James Webb Telescope, which has an aperture five times that of Hubble and says scientists can see the end of cosmic time.

The Webb telescope has been reduced to the limit of the smallest aperture needed due to funding cuts. It is expected to be launched in 2021, and the telescope will be placed in the shadow of the earth, the gravitational equilibrium point of the Lagrangian point, to resist the sun's radiation, mainly in the infrared band, and the surface of the primary mirror is plated with **, ** has the highest infrared reflectivity, so Webb's telescope primary mirror looks golden. Underneath the primary mirror is a 5-layer radiation baffle, which looks like a "battleship" in order to resist radiation interference from the earth.

Needless to say, the Hubble telescope photographed **, all the color deep sky ** of the observatory is multi-channel synthetic! Of course, the ** of the bright emission nebula photographed by the large-aperture telescope will still have some color, but due to the influence of light damage, the contrast between the background and the target celestial body is very poor, so astrophotography LRGB multi-channel is required, and dark field is also needed, and the dark field also needs to shoot before, during and after three groups, and the high requirements are bright flat field! Of course, the Hubble telescope, working in space, doesn't have to worry about light damage, because no light damage affects it.

The only thing to consider is the relative position of the target celestial body, the Sun and the Moon as they orbit around the Earth! Because the change of location from time to time will affect the last**!

If the colors of the real shooting are like this, even under the super telescope, Hubble will not escape the curse, the color of the universe is very pale, and even if you can see the color, it is all the colors! Therefore, if you want to meet the needs of color, you must have at least three channels of RGB color, if you add the color of other bands, such as infrared and ultraviolet, the color will be richer, and even the superposition of radio bands, the range of celestial objects may be significantly beyond your imagination! Why is the original image black and white?

Because if the Hubble telescope wants to shoot color, the light detector must place red, green, and blue elements in the same area to affect the resolution.

Therefore, if astronomers want Hubble's ** to reflect all wavelengths of light on the spectrum, they must color it. When the Hubble telescope shoots space, in order to improve sensitivity, it will use a black and white camera, and then process it with a filter of appropriate wavelength, and then synthesize the information of different wavelengths into different color channels to obtain a color. As we can see, X-ray telescopes mainly show information about stars.

This is because X-rays are highly penetrating and can penetrate the interstellar gases in the nebula, while the visible and infrared bands do not see the details of these stars. If you put this X-ray telescope, infrared and Hubble telescope's ** you can add more detail. As a result, most of the Hubble shots we usually see on the internet are post-compositing effects.

The color depends on the processing during the compositing process, which is different from what you would actually see with a visible telescope in space. As for why the Hubble telescope didn't shoot color directly in the first place**? Because doing so will affect the resolution of the image.

The real ** is a heat map, which works by using photons to form a heat map, which is then transmitted back to the ground.

It's very clear, and the pixels are very high. The working principle is to use the torque of the shaft to provide power, and then shoot**.

The Hubble telescope is a giant cylinder with two panels on the side. It is photographed by receiving photons to form a "heat map", which is then analyzed based on this image.

The popular butterfly wings, or NGC 6302, are made from a myriad of gases heated to close to 20,000 degrees Celsius. The particle sprinting at a speed of more than 30,000 km s traveled a path of two light-years, which means that the wingspan can place more than 1500 solar systems (the equivalent of Pluto's orbit) side by side!

Imagery of the Milky Way is Hubble's specialty. The perfect side of the lens tells astronomers a lot about the structure of galaxies, and most importantly about the halo of the galactic halo, which stands out very much in **. Bright light stretches thousands of light-years across the Milky Way.

There are also stars, dust, gas, and possibly hypothetical dark matter.

The Crab Nebula has been known since its discovery and is one of the most well-known objects outside the solar system. If we read the historical sources correctly, then the Crab Nebula is the remnant of a star ** noticed by medieval astronomers in 1054. It's hard to ignore that this spectacle was the brightest place in the sky after the sun and moon at that time.

Of course, Hubble captured the most accurate nebula ever created**.

This cute ** is perfect for wallpaper and adds sparkle to Hubble's 21st birthday in 2011. As you can see, the telescope captures the dancing of two galaxies about 300 million light-years away from the Milky Way. The smaller UGC 1813 entered the gravitational field, which was five times more massive than UGC 1810, which greatly disturbed the spiral shape of the two galaxies.

The Eye of God is known as the Spiral Nebula, and the gas envelope comes from the white dwarf, which is in the last stages of its life and has gradually lost its atmosphere. The colors are not random: the mesmerizing blue center is much warmer than the orange-red edges.

In terms of awesomeness, the top definitely outperforms the competition. Scientists decided to repeat the Hubble ultra-deep field in 2004 and finally in 2012 to repeat the Hubble extreme deep field. That's the effect of Hubble staring at a fraction of the sky for more than three weeks.

This time, the "empty" blackness of the sky hides 5,500 galaxies.

The Andromeda Galaxy, visible to the naked eye, does not seem to evoke great emotions . But astronomers boast of creating one of the biggest ** in history, showing the Milky Way's neighbors in incredible close-ups. In the original image it has a billion pixels and takes up 4 GB of data!

Most of the pixel size highlights are individual stars.

You can see a bright object born 13.1 billion years ago, 5261 with a redshift value below it. Dark 4102 or redshift values above 1653 are not visible. The farthest object seen by the Hubble telescope is about 27 billion light-years away from Earth.

On March 4, 2016, the Hubble Telescope broke the cosmic distance record by pushing NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to its limit, and an international team of astronomers broke the record for cosmic distance by measuring the farthest galaxy ever seen in the universe. This astonishingly bright baby galaxy is seen to have passed 13.4 billion years, just 400 million years after the Great **.

The Hubble telescope can see galaxies 129-13.4 billion light-years away.

The Hubble Space Telescope is an optical telescope located above the Earth's atmosphere that was successfully launched on April 24, 1990 by American astronomer Edwin Hubble.

In May 2019, Hubble Space Telescope scientists unveiled the latest universe** "Hubble Heritage Field" (HLF), which is the most complete and comprehensive map of the universe to date, spliced from 7,500 images of the sky taken by Hubble over a 16-year period, containing about 265,000 galaxies, some of which are at least 13.3 billion years old.

How does the Hubble telescope work? It's the same as a normal telescope.

Similarly, if you have to go into more detail, Hubble is a reflective telescope, and you can refer to the optical path diagram of Newtonian reflection telescopes.

Or by receiving rays?

Although the principle is the same, it is necessary to point out that in addition to the visible light bands that we use in our daily lives, Hubble also has a receiver in the extreme ultraviolet band, so it can also see certain electromagnetic radiation that we cannot discern with the naked eye.

Why can you see hundreds of thousands of light-years ago, but you can see so far?

The caliber of Hubble is large, about a number of times the height of a person. Therefore, the ability to concentrate light is very strong, and the visual limit magnitude is also 23 magnitude (you can see it on the moon with a light bulb).

Hubble is in outer space, without the dulling of the atmosphere. What's more, because there is no idle ground, Hubble can go to a certain day for a long time, such as Hubble ultra-deep field, which is a small area for three weeks, and tens of thousands of faint galaxies have been discovered.

It is important to note that telescopes are designed to see as dark as they are, regardless of how far they look. At this point, there are too many ground-based telescopes that surpass Hubble, such as the Keck Twin Telescope in Hawaii, both of which have an aperture of 10m, four times the size of Hubble, and 16 times the light gathering power. But the key to Hubble's fame lies in the fact that it is outside the atmosphere, and without atmospheric disturbances, it can achieve the expected theoretical resolution, which is difficult for ground-based telescopes to match even with many corrections and optimizations.