A few questions about atoms, questions about atoms

The earth is not swallowed by the sun, and electrons are not swallowed by atomic nuclei because they have energy in their own right.

Take the earth as an example, its energy e=ek+ep.

Among them, EP is the energy embodied in the gravitational force field, f=gmm r, ep=df dr=-gmm r; Orbital velocity v, calculated in circular motion: gravitational force provides centripetal force f=mv r=gmm r, mv =gmm r, so kinetic energy ek=; Total energy e=ek+ep=-gmm 2r.

In the process of calculating the total energy e, you must have discovered that the gravitational force is already used to provide the centripetal force, and its attraction cannot be reflected; Or to put it another way, the gravitational force is balanced by the centrifugal force generated by the circular motion.

e=-gmm 2r, if the gravitational force is not completely balanced by the centrifugal force, the earth will move closer to the sun, but the proximity makes r decrease, and the kinetic energy ek=gmm 2r becomes larger, and the complex of contradictions will eventually find an equilibrium point, which is the orbit of the earth.

The motion of an electron around the nucleus is the same, except that the gravitational potential energy is replaced by the electric potential energy, ep=-ze 4 r, where z is the number of nuclear charges and e is the electric charge of the electrons, which is the dielectric constant in the vacuum. The total energy of electrons e=-ze8 r.

Of course, the above is a preliminary calculation, and the total energy of the Earth is very small when calculating the total energy of the Earth due to the fact that the eccentricity of the Earth is almost close to the circle. But when calculating electrons, rotational kinetic energy occupies a large part of the energy due to the orbital angular momentum. In other words, the actual energy of the p, d, and f electrons is greater than the energy just calculated.

However, it is obvious that even if there is a rotational kinetic energy, it will only make the electron more energetic, and it will not fall into the nucleus.

The earth is rotating, who is the object of force? The sun absorbs the earth, why is the earth not absorbed but rotating? It's all the same!

Atomic Physics Lecture 8: The composition of the nucleus.

Because the mass of electrons is negligible and negligible, the mass of the atom is mainly concentrated in the nucleus.

The atom is composed of the nucleus and the electrons outside the nucleus, and the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, the number of protons is the same as the number of electrons, but the mass of a proton is 1836 times that of electrons, and because the mass of neutrons and protons is about the same, the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, so the mass of the nucleus can be used as the mass of the atom.

The atomic structure is divided into the nucleus and the extranuclear electrons. The electron rest mass is, the mass of the proton is 10(-27) kg, and the mass of the neutron is the mass of one proton. Except for the hydrogen nucleus, which has only one proton and no neutron, all have at least one proton and one neutron.

The mass of the electron differs from the proton neutron by 4 orders of magnitude. One proton corresponds to one electron. The total number of protons and neutrons is also higher than that of electrons.

So the mass of the nucleus is much larger than the electrons outside the nucleus. The electronic mass is negligible.

Because the density of the nucleus is extremely high, the density of the nucleus is about 10 14 g cm3, but in this very small nucleus the masses of the above atoms are concentrated.

In the figure above, the meson is the intermediate hadron that transmits the nuclear force, which is the force that makes up the nucleus.

The number in the figure represents the smallest unit of indivisible positive and negative electromagnetic information - qubits (Qubit) (name physicist John. Wheeler John Wheeler famously said, "It from bit."

After the development of quantum information research, this concept was sublimated to the point that everything originates from qubits) Note: Bits are bits.

An atom is composed of a nucleus and an electron, while an electron is movable, the mass is too small with respect to the nucleus, and the mass of the atom is mainly the mass of the nucleus.

Electrons must revolve around the nucleus, and although they are irregular, they move within a range.

As for color, particles have no color, color is the color formed by the aggregation of many, many particles to form a reflective surface.

All matter must be made up of matter, so it must be understood that the atom is the smallest unit of the elements.

If you can't say a word, it is recommended to read chemistry books, ask teachers, and conduct deeper research after going to university.

Now I am only in junior high school, and my teacher has a famous saying, "Don't try to explain everything with junior high school knowledge" ......

Generally, in chemistry, there is no such thing as fusion, fission, etc., that is, atoms are unchanging.

The meaning of the first sentence is that an atom is the smallest unit in a chemical reaction that does not change. A chemical reaction is just a change in the way atoms are combined, but the atoms themselves do not change.

In the second sentence, chemical annihilation properties generally refer to properties such as flammability, toxicity, and chemical reaction with certain substances, which can be summarized as properties involving chemical changes. The physical properties generally refer to density, melting point, boiling point, color, phase (gas-liquid-solid), etc., and do not involve chemical reactions.

For example, carbon monoxide CO, which is combustible, reacts with oxygen and ignites to form CO2. Here, the atoms are C and O, and the molecules are Co, O2, and the resulting CO2

CO and O2 have a chemical reaction, and the atoms (C, O) are rearranged and combined, so that they are not flammable and non-toxic, that is, through the chemical reaction, the CO molecule becomes a CO2 molecule, and the chemical properties have changed (the molecule is the smallest particle that maintains the chemical properties of the substance), but in this process, the carbon and oxygen atoms themselves have not undergone wide modification changes.

You're asking very carefully.

The key to whether it can conduct electricity depends on whether there are freely moving electrons or ions in the crystal, and if the atom does not have freely moving electrons after the high pressure makes it tightly aligned, it still cannot conduct electricity.

For example, graphite and diamond, both of which are elemental elements of non-metallic element carbon, but graphite can conduct electricity while diamond cannot conduct electricity, the reason is that graphite is a planar structure (sp2 hybridization), each carbon atom forms three bonds with three other carbon atoms, and the remaining one electron forms a large bond (delocalized bond) with one of the carbon atoms, and the electrons that form the large bond are different from the electrons that form a covalent bond, and these electrons can move between carbon atoms, so in the case of an external electric field, Graphite can conduct electricity; Diamond, on the other hand, has a tetrahedral structure (sp3 hybridization), where four bonds are formed between each carbon atom and four other carbon atoms, and there are no free moving electrons left, so diamond is not electrically conductive.

I hope it can help you, and if there is anything different in understanding, we can discuss it together

When the non-metal atoms are tightly aligned with high pressure, the non-metal can become a conductor. For example, Jupiter has a magnetic field, that is, there is a ring current inside, but its inner core is actually composed of hydrogen, because Jupiter's internal pressure is extremely strong, hydrogen atoms in this state can conduct electricity (this statement originates from the research of American scientists, who have used lasers to pressurize hydrogen atoms to prove that they can conduct electricity).

It's possible, I remember there was literature on this, studying the effect of pressure on the electrical properties of matter, it could be that it undergoes an insulator-to-conductor phase transition, you can go and search it up.

He observed the spectrum of the hydrogen atom and found that it was not continuous, indicating that the electrons were moving around the nucleus outside the nucleus, and he bombarded the nucleus with electrons, and the nucleus did not move at all, indicating that the nucleus was much larger than the mass of the electron.

It can be experimented, the more protons in the nucleus, the greater the gravitational force on electrons, physics has passed, and then the number of protons of sulfur atoms is greater than that of silicon atoms, and then... The difference between the two. This is very complicated, it depends on the location, etc., etc., etc., which can only be experimented.