What are the main joints in the human body? What are the different types of joints in the human body

The joints that can be moved by the human body are roughly as follows: Cranial part: temporomandibular joint (mandibular joint) vertebral body:

Vertebral joints, facet joints, atlanto-occipital joints, atlantoaxial joints: costovertebral joints include costocephal joints, costotransverse process joints, upper limb bone joints: sternoclavicular joints, acromioclavicular joints, shoulder joints, elbow joints, proximal radiula joints, distal radiula joints, hand joints (including radial carpal joints, carpal interosseous joints, mid-bowl joints, metacarpophetal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, interfinger joints).

Lower limb bone joints: symphysis pubis joints, sacroiliac joints, hip joints, knee joints, foot joints (including talar calf joints are ankle joints, intertarsal joints, tarsometatarsal joints, metatarsal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, intertophalangeal joints).

Three places. Intervertebral.

Lower frontal bone. Hip.

According to the shape of the articular surface, it can be divided into:

1. Ball-and-socket joint.

The articular head is globous, and the articular surface of the other bone is fossa that wraps a portion of the articular head. Therefore, the joint head and the socket are only loosely connected, and can flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumferential rotation and rotational movements, which is the most mobile joint structure. Typical: hip.

Flexion and extension are performed around the frontal axis, abduction and adduction are performed around the sagittal axis, and rotation is done around the vertical axis.

2. Plane joints.

The occurrence of this joint activity is secondary to other activities. For example, when you flex and extend the elbow joint.

, no other joint movement is caused. However, the carpal bones.

Movement cannot be run by just one activity. The wrist joint is required for the movement of the carpal bones.

Performed under the premise of flexion and extension or abduction and adduction.

3. Ellipse joint.

It is composed of two oval articular surfaces, convex and concave, which can be used for anterior-backward and left-right movements. Typical example: wrists. The wrist is centered on the frontal axis to produce flexion and extension movements, and the sagittal axis is used as the center for ulnar and radial deviation.

4. Saddle joint.

The articular surface of each bone is both the joint head and the joint socket, which can be flexed, extended, adducted, abducted and circumferential, and has greater mobility than the elliptical joint.

Typical: thumb joint. Although the thumb can flex, extend, adduct, abduct, and rotate, it is similar to carpal movement in that it is secondary to other joint movements.

If, without flexion and abduction, you try to turn your thumb and you find that you can't do it.

When the thumb is adducted, pay attention to the direction of the lower thumb; When the thumb is abducted and flexed, the direction of the pointing changes approximately 90 degrees. This rotational action is not active, but is caused by the shape of the joint. Although the thumb joint is not a true biaxial joint because of the limitation of rotation, it is still homing because the active movement occurs around both axes.

5. Trochlear (flexion) joint.

The protruding part of one bone is embedded in the concave part of the other bone, and can only be flexed and extended in a single plane, as in the operation of a door hinge. The humeral-ulnar joint in the elbow joint is a good example.

6. an axle joint.

The radial-ulnar joint shows another type of uniaxial movement—the axle joint. When the forearm is supinated anteriorly and supination, the ulna.

Without moving, the radial head moves around the ulna. Axle motion is actually a movement on a horizontal plane centered on the longitudinal axis.

Joints are one of the components of the human locomotor system, which is found in everyone, so do you know its components, let's take a look.

01 The basic structure is the articular surface, that is, the surface that is in direct contact between the joints, which is generally made up of bone surface or cartilage surface, which can slide against each other.

02 Joint capsule. The joint capsule is also one of the basic structures of the joint, which is a dense connective tissue attached to the joint, which wraps and strengthens the joint, which is of great significance for the stability of the joint.

03 Ligaments. This should be common in all kinds of advertisements, ligaments are made up of dense connective tissue, which plays an important role in stabilizing joints.

04 Articular discs and labials. Probably you haven't heard of these two structures, these two structures are very similar, both belong to the fibrocartilage disk, and only exist in the synovial joints.

Although the joints of the human body are diverse, their basic structure is no less than the joint surface, joint capsule, and joint cavity.

1. Articular surface: The smooth surface where each bone touches each other is called the articular surface. The articular surface is covered by a layer of cartilage called articular cartilage.

2. Joint capsule: It is composed of connective tissue, which attaches to the bone surface around the articular surface. It can be divided into two layers, the outer layer is the fiber layer, which is composed of dense connective tissue; The inner layer is the synovial layer, which is composed of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, which secretes synovial fluid and plays a lubricating role.

3. Joint cavity: It is the closed space between the articular cartilage and the joint capsule.

4. Articular cartilage: reduce friction between bones.

5. Joint head: Closely linked with the joint socket for exercise.

6. Joint socket: Tightly connect with the joint head and carry out exercise. Basic lesions of the joints.

There are joints in all parts of the body that can bend freely, shoulders, legs, waist, fingers, neck...

Between the bones, there is a special device called a joint, which connects two or more bones to each other and enables people to move freely, so that their movements are coordinated and graceful. Due to the different tasks of the joints in different parts of the human body, the shape of the joints is not the same, and the size of the activity is also different. According to the different connecting tissues between the two bones, joints are generally divided into three types.

1) Fibrous joints, also known as immobile joints, are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue between the two bones and have no mobile function. For example, the skull is composed of 8 flat bones, the edges are like serrations, interlaced, chimerated, separated by periosteum, connected into a whole piece, and cannot move at all; If the tooth is embedded in the alveolar, it also falls into this category.

2) Cartilage joints are also known as micro-articulation joints. The joints are connected by cartilage tissue, and these joints have only partial movement. For example, the spine composed of vertebrae, between the two vertebrae, there is a ring-shaped cartilage, and then a kind of elastic "rope" - ligaments tie them together, so that our head, neck, chest, and waist can bend and rotate back and forth, left and right, but the range of motion between the articular surfaces is small.

3) Synovial joints are also called movable joints. These joints have no discs or only cartilage plates that fill in the irregularities in the articular surface and control the flow of synovial fluid. It has a pronounced joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the wall of the cavity and synovial fluid as a lubricant for the joint.

These joints have a large range of motion. This type of joint includes the joints of the limbs and most joints in the human body. These synovial joints are the most common sites for arthritis.

Human joints can be roughly divided into eight types: flexion joints (such as interphalangeal joints of the hand), snail-like joints (such as ankle joints), axle joints (such as proximal radial-ulnar joints), elliptical joints (such as radial-wrist joints and occipital atlantal joints), saddle joints (such as the wrist-metacarpal joint on the thumb side), ball-and-socket joints (such as shoulder joints), clubbed joints (such as hip joints), and planar joints (such as joints between tarsal bones).

Interphalangeal joints. Ankle and radial carpal joints.

Metacarpal joint. Shoulder, hip.