The definition of energy quantization, what is quantization

Quantization of energy is a combination, not a proper noun, and there should be no definition Quantization is relative to continuity, that is to say, the process of change is discontinuous, interval, jumping, one by one, this state is called quantization (the definition of science must also refer to the definition of quantum and quantization). And energy quantization refers to the fact that energy has the characteristics of quantization, mainly referring to the particle nature manifested during its photoelectric effect, because it is particle-based, so the energy is one by one, so it is spaced rather than continuous If there is a beam of energy passing through a space, you will find that the energy distribution is yes, no, yes, no, yes, no... There is no energy in the voids between the particles that change in this way

Energy in a broad sense.

Quantization is relative to continuity, that is to say, the change process is discontinuous, interval, jumping, one by one, this state is called quantization (the definition of science has to refer to the definition of quantum and quantization). And energy quantization refers to the fact that energy has the characteristics of quantization, mainly referring to the particle nature manifested during its photoelectric effect, because it is particle-based, so the energy is one by one, so it is spaced rather than continuous If there is a beam of energy passing through a space, you will find that the energy distribution is yes, no, yes, no, yes, no... There is no energy in the voids between the particles that change in this way

Quantum is a concept commonly used in physics to refer to an indivisible fundamental entity. The concept of quantum was first proposed by the German physicist M. Planck in 1900, and was perfected by Einstein, Bohr, Schrödinger and others, and a complete theory of quantum mechanics was initially established in the first half of the 20th century. The vast majority of physicists view quantum mechanics as a fundamental theory for understanding and describing nature.

If there is the smallest indivisible fundamental unit of a physical quantity, then the physical quantity is quantized, and the smallest unit is called quantum. The English name quantum comes from the Latin word quantus, which means "how much" and means "a considerable amount of a certain substance". The concept of quantum is commonly used in physics to refer to an indivisible fundamental entity.

For example, the "quantum of light" (photon) is the basic unit of energy of light of a certain frequency. The extended quantum mechanics and quantum optics have become different professional research fields. The basic concept is that all tangible properties are "quantizable".

"Quantization" means that the numerical value of its physical quantity is discrete, rather than continuously arbitrarily taken. For example, in an atom, the energy of an electron is quantizable. This determines general issues such as the stability of the atom and the emission spectrum.

The vast majority of physicists view quantum mechanics as a fundamental theory for understanding and describing nature.

In layman's terms, a quantum is the smallest unit that can exhibit the properties of a substance or physical quantity.

Energy TonsThe concept is that Max Karl Ernst Ludwig talks about the worldPlanckProposed.

Planck is based on blackbody radiation.

The energy is not a continuous experimental result, and the energy quantum hypothesis is proposed when it cannot be explained with known classical theories.

The gist of the energy quantum hypothesis is that energy is not continuous, but one by one, and each part is the smallest unit of energy, which is the energy of the energy pon, and the energy of the energy of the energy pon is proportional to the frequency, e=hv.

Introduction

The energy sub-view reveals that energy is discrete in the microscopic realm, and the change of energy is also discontinuous. An energy molecule is a concrete, indivisible unit of energy for a particle.

Particles with different holding frequencies are re-indivisible, the smallest indivisible energy is different and not a constant or fixed value, in addition, it is not only suitable for charged particles, photons, neutrinos.

Atoms are just as suitable for neutral particles.

The meaning of quantization is a procedure for constructing quantum field theory from classical field theory. Using this program, it is often possible to directly tailor the theories of classical mechanics into new theories of quantum mechanics. When physicists talk about the quantization of the field, they are referring to the quantization of the electromagnetic field.

Here, they would classify photons as a kind of field quantum.

For theories in academic fields such as particle physics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, and quantum optics, quantization is their basic program. In classical physics, there is no limit to the minimum value of the change in the physical quantity of the system, and they can be arbitrarily and continuously changed. However, in quantum mechanics, quantities can only be changed one by one by a certain size, and the specific size depends on the state of the system.

This physical quantity can only take the characteristic of certain separated numerical values and is called quantization.

Analysis: The quantization of energy refers to the phenomenon that in the microscopic field, the change of energy is discontinuous, that is, only some discrete values can be taken Planck's energy quantization hypothesis not only solves the difficulty of the black-body radiation theory, but also opens a new page in quantum physics In the process of scientific research, when the theory is inconsistent with the new experimental facts, it is necessary to establish a new theory based on the experimental facts, because practice is the only criterion for testing the truth Only in this way can science and technology and human cognitive ability continue to move forward

Non-relativistic quantum mechanics: In the case of bound states, electrons have only some fixed eigenstates, and the corresponding energy spectrum is discrete. In the case of free electrons, there is no fixed eigenstate, or any case is an eigenstate, and the corresponding energy spectrum is continuous.

Relativistic quantum mechanics (quantum field theory): Even free electrons with continuous energy spectrum are quantized, i.e., electrons are completely represented in the form of a quantized Dirac field. This kind of quantization is called quadratic quantization, and it has nothing to do with whether the energy spectrum is continuous or not.

In this case, although the energy of the electron is continuous, the field operator is the sum of the electrons of different momentum-energies (i.e., different modes), so the energy of the electron is quantized.

Supplement: Many children may have learned "quadratic quantization = particle number representation", and think that only the particle number state is the result of quadratic quantization. But this is not comprehensive.

There are two aspects of pre-quadratic or quantization (or particle number representation), one is to define the number state of particles, and to generate annihilation calculations to describe the change of particle number. On the other hand, it is necessary to determine the single-particle wave function and the total wave function change caused by the change in the number of particles, that is, to quantize the wave function. Therefore, in quantum field theory, the field operator is equivalent to the single-particle wave function multiplied by the annihilation operator, which is the complete form of quadratic quantization.

Under what conditions is energy continuous and under what circumstances is it discontinuous?

For the electron orbital in the atom, the larger n is, the smaller the interval between adjacent energy levels, and when it is negligible (the negligible criteria are different in different problems), it can be considered to be approximately continuous, n tends to infinity, and the energy level interval tends to be infinitesimal, then it can be considered as ideal continuous. The energy level distributions that exist in the motion of other physical particles are not illustrated.

For the motion of free electrons (or other free particles), the energy level interval is so small that even the most sensitive instrument cannot detect it, so that the energy is continuous, at least from an experimental point of view, (but in practice it is still impossible to obtain arbitrary real numbers).

For photons, the higher the frequency, the stronger the particularity (the property of transferring energy one by one). The lower the frequency, the stronger the volatility (the nature of the continuous transfer of energy), and the energy transfer can be considered more and more continuous, without obvious intermittent pulsed transmission.

In an atom, what is the difference between ionization and transition after the electrons absorb energy?

Ionization can be regarded as the transition of electrons to infinity energy levels, in fact, it is not necessary to really "reach" infinity (infinity is unattainable, only approachable), when n is very large, there is no substantial difference between electrons and free electrons (ionization in the absolute sense is that electrons have to reach infinity, and the electric field force and electric potential energy are zero, but in fact there is no need for this, the Coulomb effect is small enough, it can be considered ionized, otherwise no electron will be ionized!) ）。The difference in energy between n is large enough and n tends to infinity (the effect of a very small disturbance on an external system is also greater) and is practically negligible.

Theoretically, when the principal quantum number tends to infinity, the electrons are indeed still in a bound state, but in fact, there is no substantial effect for a long time, and the Coulomb force decreases rapidly in inverse proportion to the square of the distance.

Can the photoelectric effect be a consequence of the infinity transition?

Again, as long as n is very large, it will do.

But at this point, the photon energy is continuous?

The landlord should say that the photoelectrons, the ionized photoelectrons (free electrons) are almost not bound by the nucleus, and as mentioned above, the energy level difference is extremely small, and it can be considered continuous.

When is the spectrum continuous and when is it discontinuous?

Depending on the size of the energy level difference, the resolution of the instrument is so small that the instrument cannot distinguish and it looks continuous.