How to understand the meaning of dialectic in an easy to understand way?

Think about the pros and cons. See both the positive and the negative.

1.Dialectical materialism is a worldview that includes both "materialist" and "dialectical" views.

The main point of view of "materialism" is "the primacy of matter", that is, "matter plays a decisive role in consciousness"; The main point of "dialectics" is that "the fundamental cause of the development of things lies in the internal contradictions of things". (The term "dialectic" originally meant to refer to the method of exposing the contradictions in the arguments of the other side and overcoming them in a debate.) Later philosophers used it to express their opinions, and the meaning of the term as an academic term gradually changed.

Therefore, dialectical materialism is the worldview that "matter is the fundamental attribute of things, and contradiction is the fundamental cause of the change of things".

2."Historical materialism" is a view of history based on the viewpoint of "materialism", and it is a fundamental view of social history based on the perspective of materialism.

The basic viewpoint of "historical materialism" is that "the mode of production of material life determines social, political, and spiritual life", and that "real people are the personification of certain social relations, and all their nature and activities always depend on the material conditions of life in which they live." ”

3."Subjective materialism" recognizes the concepts of "subjectivity" and "materialism" and considers them separately. Based on "materialism", it acknowledges the view of the "primacy of matter", but does not believe that "consciousness" is related to "matter", it believes that "consciousness" is simply generated by human thought, and that people can act at will with consciousness.

4."Objective materialism" also acknowledges the "primacy of matter", but completely denies the role of "subjectivity", believing that human beings cannot know the objective world, and at the same time, it is impossible to have any influence on the objective world.

5.The last word is misspelled, it is "metaphysics". The use of the word in both the original text and the translation is rather subtle, making it difficult to understand literally, so that there are many different versions of its meaning.

The original and most basic meaning of "metaphysics" is "the study of the nature of the world", which is the ultimate proposition of philosophy, or it can be said that all disciplines, is the study of grasping the fundamental laws of the universe.

The Marxist-Leninist philosophy uses the word "metaphysics" to mean the kind of view that is opposed to dialectics, that things are static and isolated. This may be due to the fact that "metaphysics" itself is too unrealistic to borrow concepts.

It is a way to understand things, and when you know a thing, you should comprehensively analyze it from both sides of things. From one point of view, it is long, tall, large, positive, and ,......Another angle is short, low, small, wrong, bad, ....... It cannot be arbitrarily said that a thing is what it is, that each of its properties has a scope of application, beyond which that property ceases to apply.

Dialectics emphasizes the two sides of things. Discussing the problem from both sides of the argument and the negative side without absolutely supporting or denying either side is considered dialectical. This way of discussing problems is dialectics.

To illustrate this problem, we must first put aside all the political views of DU and discuss the words zhi: dialectical materialism holds that the world is material in nature, and that matter is in motion. Matter is primary, consciousness is secondary, consciousness is highly developed matter – the functioning of the human brain is the reflection of the objective material world in the human brain.

For example, when we see the sun during the day, we know that there is a sun in the sky, but at night we do not see that the dialectical materialist says that the sun is moving and has run to another place; Idealists say that if you see it during the day, the sun is there, and if you don't see it at night, the sun is gone; A simple materialist came over and said: The world is of course material, and it only belongs to the five things of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth, and an old Greek man is unwilling to say that all things come from water and return to water; Here comes a mechanical materialist: what's it?

All are machines, the sun is a machine, the water potential is a machine, gold, wood, water, fire and earth are machines, and people are also machines.

Historical materialists say that you can only discuss material society, let's talk about human society, I think that the development of social history has its own inherent objective laws. The mode of production of material life determines the general course of social, political and spiritual life; Social existence determines social consciousness, which in turn reacts on social existence; The contradiction between the productive forces and the relations of production, and between the economic base and the superstructure, is the basic contradiction that promotes the development of all societies; The other monarchs were dumbfounded.

Historical idealism: Heroes create real potential.

Dialectical materialism: the interaction of matter and consciousness.

Naive materialism: material consciousness, not vice versa.

Historical materialism: History cannot be changed

Naive materialism is the reduction of matter to physical objects.

Who can explain what the teacher can't explain.

Because the dialectical viewpoint is a multi-angle view of movement, change, and dialectic, it is recognized that movement is the basic viewpoint of dialectics.

Dialectics, materialist dialectics. Matter determines consciousness, matter is a relative statary of absolute motion, and insists on matter, plus motion, so dialectics.

Dialectic, argument is positive and negative, proof is verification! Dialectical thinking is to think of a bad side when it is good, and a good side when it is bad!

Simple: Form: 1+1=2

Dialectic: 1+1=x

Complex: Form: The heart is like a mirror.

Dialectic: Blessings and misfortunes depend on each other.

1、Ancient naïve materialism, for example, in ancient ChinaThe Five Elements DoctrineIt is believed that gold, wood, water, fire, and earth are the five basic elements that generate all things; Ancient of India"Big Four".It is believed that everything in the universe is made up of water, wind, earth, and fire.

Modern metaphysical materialism, for example, in the 17th-18th centuries Western European metaphysical materialism is typified. It recognized that the world was material and played an active role in the struggle against idealism and religious theology. Hobbes once wrote:

Movement is the loss of one position and the gain of another.

Marxist philosophyDivided into:Dialectical materialismwithHistorical materialism.

Dialectical materialism, e.g. "Everything is divided into two." "ThingsThe law of contradictions, that is, the unity of oppositesIt is the most fundamental law of the movement, change and development of the material world.

Historical materialism. , for example, historical development has its own specific laws, ieThe productive forces determine the relations of productionThe relations of production have a counter-effect on the productive forces, and the relations of production must be adapted to the development of the productive forces.

naïve materialism; The Five Elements Theory of China, the Five Elements Theory is a philosophical thought created by the ancient people of China, which takes the five substances of daily life: metal, wood, water, fire, and earth as the basis for the changes of all things in the universe and various natural phenomena.

Metaphysical materialism:

a) Mechanological. It is to understand or reduce the movement of all things in the world to mechanical motion.

Hobbes, for example, once wrote, "To move is to lose one position and gain another." In the preface to Leviathan, he likened the human heart to the clockwork of a clockwork, and the nerves and joints to the filaments and gears in it.

Lametteli declared more simply: "Man is a machine". It is believed that people are just some machines crawling upright on the ground.

b) Metaphysics. That is to say, their materialist ideas are extremely one-sided, and they are good at understanding and solving problems from an isolated and static point of view.

c) Incompleteness. On the one hand, it manifests itself in the incompleteness of the understanding of the whole world: "semi-truncated materialism", that is, they are materialist in the realm of nature, but as soon as they enter the realm of social history, they fall into idealism.

They do not know the basic contradictions in society, let alone find the most fundamental economic causes of social development. They tend to regard people's "ideological motives" and "rationality" as social history.

On the other hand, it manifests itself in the incompleteness of the materialist understanding of nature. For example, Bacon proposed the "double truth theory", which divides human knowledge into two types: theology and philosophy: human knowledge is like water, some fall from heaven and some rise from the ground; One comes from man's sensory experience of the natural material world, and the other comes from God or God's "revelation."

Dialectical Materialism: The Butterfly EffectThe Butterfly Effect.

Historical materialism: Historical materialism points out that historical development has its own specific laws, that is, the productive forces determine the relations of production, the relations of production have a negative effect on the productive forces, and the relations of production must adapt to the development of the productive forces.

With the development of the productive forces, human society has moved from primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, socialist society, and finally to communist society. Historical materialists believe that mankind has gone through the first three stages and is in the fourth stage (Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea, etc., which claim to have entered a socialist society, at the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1987, China ** announced that it had entered the primary stage of socialism in 1956, *** asserted that the primary stage was at least 100 years old).