How to divide imaginary and real words in ancient poetry

Real words] Real words have real meaning, and can be used as sentence components alone, and can generally be asked separately.

Real words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, and pronouns. In classical Chinese, there are a large number of real words, and mastering a large number of real words is the key to improving the ability to read classical Chinese. When learning real words, we should pay special attention to its three main features in grammar:

The first is the polysemy of the word, the second is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of the word, and the third is the utilization of the part of speech.

Virtual words] Virtual words have no real meaning, and generally cannot be used as a sentence component, and cannot be asked separately. (A few adverbs such as "no", "maybe", "no", etc., can be questioned separately), and can only be combined with real words to form sentences and express various grammatical relationships. There are five types of virtual words: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and interjections.

Although the virtual words of the literary language only account for a small part of the whole literary words, its grammatical role is very large. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by imaginary words, such as the judgment sentence "..He who.

also", the passive sentence of the "for". Place. Hypothetical words are used very frequently in classical Chinese, and their interpretation is quite flexible.

The main commonly used imaginary words are: the, the, in, to, and, then, is, if, and, who, for, yet, is, this, si, other, he, an, who, hu, hu, how, although, although, yet, then, also. Oo, hu, ya, yan, ear, etc.

In the past, meaning was used as the standard, and those with real meaning were called real words, and those with empty meaning were called virtual words. Now, based on function, it is believed that what can be used as a sentence component (of course, has lexical meaning and grammatical meaning) is a real word, and it cannot be used as a sentence component, and only a grammatical meaning is a virtual word.

Real words are further subdivided into nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, adverbs, pronouns, and special real words, onomatopoeia, and interjections: virtual words are further subdivided into prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and modal words.

To learn to write couplets, you must master the basic requirements of the way of fighting. The ancients said: "If you don't follow the rules, you can't make a square circle."

The predecessors talked about fighting against each other and had clear principles. The book "Misty Xiang Pairs" puts forward the basic law of "real against real, virtual against virtual", emphasizing that "there is no virtual and real, life and death are both important and light", which laid the basic framework for the later couplet art. The ancients fought against each other and divided Chinese characters into three categories: real characters, imaginary characters, and auxiliary characters.

The real word class is divided into semi-real words, and the imaginary word class is divided into two sub-categories, living and dead, and a semi-virtual word is attached. The categories are as follows:

Real words: flowers, grass, forests, mountains, heaven, earth, ......

Semi-real: force, male, civil, martial, light, thunder ......

Imaginary character (dead): high, new, strong, large, fine, small......

Imaginary characters (live): flow, song, rise, fight, shine, open ......

Semi-void: upper, lower, middle, inner, outer. ......

Auxiliary words: 之, also, 然, 哉, 焉, 何......

The predecessors summarized the above classification in a few sentences: "The invisible and visible are virtual, the traces can be pointed to as real, the body is static as death, the movement is life, and the seemingly non-existent is half virtual and half real." This classification method seems monotonous and novel compared to our current Chinese classification, but after careful analysis, it also has similarities with modern Chinese classification.

The real words of the ancients are what we call nouns today; The so-called semi-real is an abstract noun; In the so-called imaginary part, the living is the verb, and the dead is the adjective; Particles, that is, imaginary words, include prepositions and conjunctions, particles, etc. "Semi-virtual" includes more abstract time words and adjectives. Mastering and familiarizing ourselves with the ancient word taxonomy is helpful for us to study and appreciate couplets today.

See if he has a meaningful paraphrase.

According to the traditional habit of poetry, nouns are counted as real words, some verbs and adjectives can also be counted as real words, and the rest are counted as imaginary words. It's hard to have clear boundaries in between. However, there are also principles, if a poem does not have a single imaginary word, it is difficult to be established.

Therefore, if you use more real words, it will appear thick, and if you use more virtual words, it will appear elegant. The use of real words often makes the reader need to experience it with his heart, and the use of virtual words in many shapes makes it clear to the reader at a glance and not to be puzzled. However, if too many real words are used, the disadvantages are dull, and if the imaginary words are used too much, the disadvantages are shallow.

If you want to be able to use more real words without the disadvantages of dullness, and although you can use more imaginary words without the disadvantages of shallowness, that is the time to get home.

Now give a Tang poem that uses a lot of imaginary characters as follows:

Jiang Han was once a guest, and every time he got drunk, he returned. After the floating clouds parted, the water flowed for ten years. The laughter is as old as ever, and Xiao Shu's temples have been spotted. Why not return? There are green mountains on Huai. (Wei Yingwu).

In this poem, the words "was", "phase", "every", "after", "between", "as", "has", "why not", and "have" are all imaginary words. In terms of proportion, it has accounted for enough. However, due to the poetic flow and affection, there is no shallow flow, but a deep feeling.

From this point of view, the thickness of the poem depends on the fate and the emotion it contains, and it cannot be focused on the number of virtual and real words. However, it is easy to compose poetry for beginners, and it is easy to make too many imaginary words. Rather than having too many imaginary words and being superficial, it is easier to correct the disease of having too many real words.

It is no longer a good way to rely on words to convey the meaning of the composition. Poetry is even more inappropriate. Not only are words like "" , , , , and so on not suitable for use, that is, imaginary words are also used sparingly.

However, in the whole sentence with real words, the insertion of a virtual word as the hub of mediation not only does not hinder the momentum, but also increases the momentum. For example, Du poems cited in "Stone Forest Poems": "There are Bashu in the rivers and mountains, and the buildings are from Qi Liang."

The use of the word "have" and the word "self" brings out the feelings of thousands of miles and hundreds of years up and down.

The Tang people also occasionally deliberately used words to help words into the poems and took their chic. Yang Shen of the Ming Dynasty cited Wang Wei's "Chang Shaji Crane, and Yunwai Mountain", and Meng Haoran's "Heavy Watching Fish Music, Because of the Drum Song", which was not sour and rotten. However, the Song people followed suit, so that there were "and talk about Er'er, and you have to know it", "Will your fate end?"

time does not stay", such a sentence is not beautiful at all and is ugly. Divination.

This is relative, the former and the future are imaginary, and the present is real; The present is real, and the imagination is virtual.

Combined with context, plus understanding, bold conjectures.

Dengyang Qiling Temple Tower" Liu Changqing.

The north tower is empty, and the majestic view is overwhelming. Outside the pavilion, you can't see it for thousands of miles. Far away to the ** platform, the floating light shoots chaotically.

The ladder is connected to the vitality, and half of the wall is perched at night. A little climb to the end of the calamity, if the sky is empty. Xiang is a native of Cangzhou and has been a Qingyun guest.

The rain flies thousands of times, and the day is ten thousand nights. The birds are high but low, and the end of the world is as far as imminent. The river flows into the empty green, and the sea is slightly green.

When the twilight comes, who can return to service.

Gao Shiyong, Zheng Shangxian, Wu Yun.

Zhuo Zai string high, Shang Yin is strange. Serve the whole Zheng Guo and treat Qin Shi with his life. Reward God for righteousness, save the public and destroy his selfishness. The humble heart is nameless, and the distant traces live in Jiuyi.

Bongtong Chaoxian sent the Silla envoy to Meng Jiao.

Miao Miao looks at the distant country, in the autumn sea. Grace spreads beyond the sun and the moon, and dreams are in the east of the waves. The waves are open-minded, and the pan boat is empty.

Not only do I believe in it, but I also bow down privately. It's really strange that the reward is insufficient, and there are many strange and pleasant bushes. Safety is at stake, and who can be poor in conscription.

He is vulgar and flattering, and the holy dynasty is rich and talented. Hundreds of songs were sent, each with sonorous workmanship. Redundant and stealing rhyme, lonely thinking will be the same.

Kunming Pond Weaver Girl Stone" Tong Hanqing.

A piece of Kunming stone, the name of the Weaver Girl in the Thousand Autumns. Seeing people's empty pulses, the water is more abundant. The moss is the color of light clothes, and the waves are the sound of the swords. The shore clouds are wet and the temples are wet, and the sand moon is on the eyebrows. There is a face lotus and smiles, and the heartless bird is not surprised. It's like in the mirror, the shadows are distinct.

The first to seal the hill" Gao Shi.

Poor twilight eunuch wanderer, lying alone and fasting. I can't go home for a hundred miles, and the autumn wind rises in a few days when I go to the official.

Send the high servant imperial envoy back, because he sent Yang Ba" Bai Juyi.

The Mingyue Gorge is on the side of the envoy, and on the shore of Huangmao is Chungju. When you go to the city, don't say that Zhongzhou is evil, and it is useless to teach Yang Bachou.

Planting melons" Wei Yingwu.

Reckless, especially self-sparse. This year, I learned to plant melons, and the garden was barren. The grass is the same as the rain and dew, and the new seedlings are alone. Straight to the spring embarrassment, outdated can not hoe. The Tian family laughed in vain, and the day turned empty. Believe in non-selfish affairs, and read the books of the ancients.