How were bridges built in ancient times?

Shoot a thin rope with a bow and arrow, and pull the chain through it. The ropeway was built several times; Wooden planks are laid on top to form a suspension bridge. Fix one end of the chain, put it down, then lower the rope on the other side, then tie the rope and the chain together in the river, then pull the chain up, repeat many times, and you can build a ropeway or suspension bridge.

On the "Qingming Riverside Map" painted by the famous painter Zhang Zeduan of the Northern Song Dynasty, there is an arched wooden bridge with a novel structure. The main part of the arch is five arches, which are attached to each other on a beam and tied together with ropes.

In ancient times, the specific construction method of suspension bridges was that a person jumped down with a rope, and then swayed, and then swayed and swayed, and then climbed up, and then built the bridge, and then it was built.

Make a weir, make a bamboo cage with bamboo chips, fill it with sand and soil to enclose the first internal water and drain it, then make a pier foot in the weir, and erect a waterproof wall after the water surface; Clean the pier foundation in the cofferdam, use wood as a cage frame, two layers inside and outside, and fill the middle of the woodblock with sand to form a second waterproof wall; After the water in the second weir is drained, the pier foot is made in the weir again, and the arch ring is erected after the water surface.

Look for the bridge site on both sides of the river are stony and hard, the rock wall is used to fix the iron cable, the iron cable weighing more than 1,000 catties is fixed by the animal power canal, each iron cable is fixed at the end, the other end is tied with a thick brown rope and the other end of the boat brown rope is sent to the shore, the brown rope is pulled by animal power, the iron cable is tightened and fixed with a winch (a kind of simple winch), and the iron cable is fixed every time, and the bridge is paved with wooden planks.

You can build a tower on a hill, and then put a high-strength wire rope over it (walk down the mountain or fly over with a rocket), and then use this wire rope to force the bridge into sections to fish to the designated position, and then paste each section, yes, the bridge is built.

The so-called suspension bridge is fixed with a rope on both banks, one end is high, the other end is low, and people can take advantage of the tilt to slide across the river. Use a few more cables, arrange them up and down, and connect them into a net with rattan or rope, or directly use rattan to weave into a net, which becomes a rope net bridge or rattan net bridge.

To build a plank road, it is necessary to build a beam and column structure between the cliffs. The ancients dug out square holes in the stone wall for fixing the frame structure by "accumulating a torch of stone for a stone, hammering and chiseling as if cutting corrosion", and then laid wooden boards.

Generally, a head is fixed first, and then the rope is moved over step by step, and then fixed, and the bridge cannot be imagined.

A part of the cable is laid flat underneath, and the planks are laid on top to form a wider bridge deck; Part of the rope is placed on both sides, which doubles as handrails and protection, and becomes a rope bridge.

Most of the ancient man-made bridges were made of local materials, simple with a few pieces of wood and complex stones.

In ancient times, the bridge was built to see the terrain first, according to the local conditions, with stones, bricks, wood, first make the piers, and then do the holes, pave the bridge deck, railings, the ancient Ming Bridge Zhaozhou Bridge.

The ancient people's building beams are advanced, especially the famous earth and stone expert "Luban" bridge, there are very mysterious legends in ancient times, and there are a lot of actual physical evidence of the bridge left so far. In ancient China, there were mainly such a few kinds of bridges: and solved the suspended span.

The first is a suspension bridge, such as "Luding Bridge", where a thin rope is first connected and then a thick cable, and the iron ring crosses the river to form a taut "Suspension Bridge". The second is the hanging, which is made of thick and long timber to make the bridge deck, fixed at one end, hoisted at the other end when not in use, and lowered to hang across the river surface when it is used for people to pass. The third is the arch bridge, which is the most famous bridge-building method in Chinese history, first use soil and stone to build a semicircular arch, and then build a plane of stone bricks on the arch, and then, push away the lower half of the round earth and stone arch

An arch bridge has been repaired, and the arch can be built with several holes, such as the seventeen-hole arch bridge in the West Lake. Fourth, simple arch span bridges built with thick and long wood. The ancients built bridges to solve the suspension project through such a variety of methods.

Stone arch bridge: one is to build piers; the second is to build an arch; the third is to build arch stones; the fourth is the filling stone, pavement, buckle bar; Finally, the arch was dismantled.

Wooden bridges: the first is also the masonry piers; The second is to build bridges. The steps of the wooden bridge are simple.

Slate bridge: one is a masonry pier; the second is to build a bridge slab; Finally, there is the barrage.

Method: In Roman times, there was a cofferdam construction method for bridge foundations, that is, wooden sheet piles were driven into cofferdams, and bridge foundations and piers were built in them after pumping; In the early 11th century, China built the Luoyang Bridge, which first threw stones in the river at the bridge site in the early stage of the construction process, and cultivated oysters on it for two or three years to form a raft-shaped foundation, which reflected the wisdom of the ancient Chinese working people.

With the advent of steel and cement around the 18th century, the development of materials and the progress of engineering technology injected new vitality into bridge technology, and the bridges of this period are called modern bridges. The world's first cast-iron bridge was the Severn River Bridge, built in 1779 by the Colebrookdale factory in England, which was a semicircular arch consisting of five arch ribs with a span of meters.

In addition to the static action represented by the bearing capacity, the mechanical principles related to the dynamic action have gradually become an important part of the attention of personnel, especially the research and development of the wind-resistant design of the bridge, such as the Niagara Falls Highway and Railway Dual-purpose Bridge using wrought iron cables and stiffening beams; The Brooklyn Suspension Bridge in New York uses stiffened trusses to dampen vibrations; The San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge and the Oakland Bay Bridge are also suspension bridges with stiffened beams.

When it comes to arch bridges, we have to mention Zhaozhou Bridge, Zhaozhou Bridge is the most famous famous road bridge in China, Zhaozhou Bridge is a real bluestone bridge, each stone has dozens of pounds, Zhaozhou Bridge has 7 arches, which is conducive to the flow of river water, Zhaozhou Bridge is famous because it not only has a beautiful shape, but also because of its sturdiness and durability, standing for thousands of years without falling. Not only Zhaozhou Bridge, there are many famous bridges, although they are very bulky, but they are very durable, are real bluestone slabs, built bridges, the construction of modern reinforced concrete bridges has not reached his so hard but still rely on machines to complete, so how to build a bridge in ancient times without the help of machines? In fact, the ancients were very smart, although they all relied on manpower and were brute force, but they also learned to use items to achieve their own goals, just like building the Great Wall, transporting bluestone slabs to the mountains.

Although I don't know how they completed it, they left a very difficult and meaningful building for future generations, and also left a series of insoluble mysteries for future generations. The buildings of the ancients are very real, the search code is also very real, there is no cutting corners, they are all very natural, and modern buildings have added a lot of modern materials. In fact, whether it is an ancient bridge or a modern bridge, as long as it is a strong and durable bridge, it is a good bridge.

1. West Lake Broken Bridge.

One said that there is a pavilion built on the ancient stone bridge, the snow is in winter, the ice and snow on the sunny side of the bridge melts, the shady side of the bridge is still paved with jade and silver, overlooking from Geling, the feeling of the bridge and the embankment is broken, and it is named "the residual snow of the broken bridge". There is also a legend that the White Lady and Xu Xian met on the broken bridge, which really added a romantic color to the scenery of the broken bridge.

2. Nai He Bridge.

There are two popular theories about the Nai Ho Bridge. One says that there is a river named Nai River in the prefecture, and the other says that because of the meaning of "helpless" in Chinese, it just corresponds to the regret and helplessness of people who wish to be born when they are reincarnated.

In Chinese Taoism and Chinese folk mythology, the bridge is a place to give people reincarnation, where an elderly female deity named Meng Po is given a bowl of Meng Po soup to forget the memories of the past life and be reincarnated in the next life.

3. Zhaozhou Bridge.

Built in the Sui Dynasty by the famous craftsman Li Chun, the Zhaozhou Bridge has a history of about 1,400 years, and is the earliest and best-preserved ancient open-shouldered stone arch bridge. The most well-preserved ancient single-hole open-shoulder stone arch bridge.

According to legend, Lu Ban traveled around the world through Zhaozhou and encountered the Huhe River blocking the way, so under the touch and help of God, the Zhaozhou Bridge was caused overnight, Penglai Xiandao Immortal Zhang Guolao and Chai Wang Ye heard the news and came to ** Actually, the two used spells to try to collapse the bridge, but Lu Ban still topped the Zhaozhou Bridge with his bare hands.

4. Queqiao. The Magpie Bridge is a bridge built by a magpie sent by the legendary bird god to be moved by the sincere emotions of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. Legend has it that the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl are separated by the Milky Way and are only allowed to meet on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month every year.

In order to let the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl meet, magpies from all over the world will fly over and build a bridge with their bodies close to each other, and this bridge is called Magpie Bridge. The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl met on this magpie bridge.

5. Mahjong Bridge.

Mahjong Bridge is the bridge built on the Huazhijing River in the Qing Daoguang period, there is an old man surnamed Zhou in the locality, he hates the folk gambling very much, invites more than 10 people of insight to gather all the people of insight, surrounds the casino, catches the gamblers, confiscates the financial notes, and destroys the financial tools. The bridge was built with the money confiscated from the gambling. It is now ruined.

1. Luding Bridge: Located in Luding County, Sichuan Province, on the Dadu River in the west of the city, it is composed of 9 iron chains paved with wooden boards, two iron chains on the left and right sides as handrails, the iron chains are as thick as bowls, each is about 150 meters long, weighs about one ton, has been learned in primary school texts, and crossed the Sichuan-Tibet line in 2016.

2. Zhaozhou Bridge: Located in the south of Zhao County, Hebei Province, on the Huanhe River, it is an empty stomach type single-hole arc stone arch bridge, the bridge deck is 10 meters wide, and there are finely carved dragon and beast reliefs on the 42 bridge railings on both sides. I've heard it in songs, I've learned it in textbooks.

3. Lugou Bridge, formerly known as Guangli Bridge, is more than 30 miles away from the capital, and is a place to leave Beijing to bid farewell, so it is easy to remind people of the "Baqiao" repeatedly chanted in Tang poems.

The stone lions on the Lugou Bridge - uncountable, this is the local dialect, which was uncountable before, and now it is farther from the truth. The old lion, like the ornament of the Lugou Bridge, between the ancient and the smart, most appropriately reflects a long-lasting and profound charm.

3. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge starts from the Hong Kong Port Artificial Island near the Hong Kong International Airport in the east, connects Zhuhai and Macao Artificial Island after crossing the Lingding Ocean in the South China Sea to the west, and ends at the Hongwan Interchange in Zhuhai; The total length of the bridge and tunnel is 55 kilometers, including the main bridge kilometer, the Hong Kong port and the Zhuhai-Macao port kilometer; The bridge deck is a two-way six-lane highway with a design speed of 100 km/h. Dream of having the opportunity to experience the bridge by car yourself.

4. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge starts from the Pinghu Interchange of Jiaxing City in the north, crosses the sea area of Hangzhou Bay, and reaches the Andong Hub Interchange of Ningbo City in the south; The total length of the line is 36 kilometers, the total length of the bridge is kilometers, and the bridge deck is a two-way six-lane highway with a design speed of 100 kilometers per hour. The bridge that I have crossed by car twice.

5. Jiaozhou Bay Bridge starts from the Bay Bridge Interchange in the east, crosses Jiaozhou Bay in the middle, connects the Hongdao Interchange in the middle, and reaches the Huangdao East Hub Interchange in the west; The total length of the line is kilometers, and the total length of the bridge is kilometers; The bridge deck is a two-way six-lane highway with a design speed of 80 km/h. A self-drive tour of the bridge that passes by.

1. Lugou Bridge, located 10 kilometers southwest of Guang'anmen in Beijing, built in 1189, is a double-arch stone bridge, about 265 meters long, with 241 pillars, each pillar is carved with lions;

2. Guangji Bridge, located outside the east gate of Chaozhou, Guangdong, is a comprehensive bridge for transportation and commercial use in ancient China, and also the world's first switch-movable large stone bridge.

3. Wuting Bridge, located in Yangzhou Slender West Lake, the bridge base is 12 bluestone piers of different sizes, the bridge body is arch-shaped, united by 3 different roll holes, a total of 15 holes, and the holes are connected;

4. Anping Bridge, located in Anhai Town, Jinjiang, Fujian, the bridge deck is paved with 7 large stone slabs, and there is a hexagonal five-layer brick Song Tower at the bridgehead, which is ancient China.

Zhaozhou Bridge is a stone arch bridge located on the south of Zhao County, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, named after Zhao County's ancient name of Zhaozhou. Locals call it the Big Stone Bridge to distinguish it from the Yongtong Bridge (Small Stone Bridge) outside the west gate of the city. Zhaozhou Bridge was built in the Sui Dynasty, designed and built by the craftsman Li Chun, and later named Anji Bridge by Zhao Xu of Song Zhezong, and took it as the proper name.

Zhaozhou Bridge. Zhaozhou Bridge is the world's oldest existing single-hole open-shoulder stone arch bridge with the largest span and the most complete preservation, its construction technology is unique, and it is the first "open-shoulder arch" structural form in the history of bridges in the world, which has high scientific research value; The carving knife technique is vigorous and powerful, the artistic style is novel and bold, showing the vigorous, strict and handsome stone carving style of the Sui Dynasty, and the bridge body decoration is finely carved, and has high artistic value. Zhaozhou Bridge occupies an important position in the history of bridge building in China and has a profound impact on bridge construction for future generations around the world.

The cross bridge is located in front of the main building of the Temple of Our Lady in the Jin Ancestral Hall in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, and was built in the first year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1102). The bridge is cross-shaped.

China's Four Ancient Bridges:

Guangji Bridge is located outside the east gate of the ancient city of Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province, across the vast Hanjiang River, and is an important transportation point in Fujian and Guangdong.

Zhaozhou Bridge spans the north and south banks of the river, because the bridge body is all built with stone, commonly known as the "big stone bridge".

Luoyang Bridge from the Northern Song Dynasty Emperor You four years to Jiayou four years, lasted seven years, cost 14 million taels of silver, built this big stone bridge across the river and the sea.

Lugou Bridge, also known as Lugou Bridge, is named after crossing the Lugou River (i.e., Yongding River), with a total length of meters, a width of meters, and the widest point can reach meters.