The general formula for the circulation of industrial capital is:

The general formula for the circulation of industrial capital is g—w....p…w’—g’。

Industrial capital goes through the three stages of purchasing, production, and sales in turn, and correspondingly adopts the three functional forms of monetary capital, production capital, and commodity capital to realize value multiplication and return to the original starting point.

The cycle of industrial capital goes through three stages: purchase, production and sales.

1. Purchase stage.

Its function is that the capitalist uses money to buy the means of production.

and labor power, to realize the transformation from money capital to production capital, and to prepare the conditions for the production of surplus value. It is expressed by the formula as:

2. Production stage.

Its function is that capitalists use the purchased labor power and means of production to produce commodities, including surplus value, and realize the transformation from production capital to commodity capital. It is expressed by the formula as: Its position is a decisive stage in the circulation of capital.

3. Sales stage.

Its function is to sell commodities to realize value and surplus value, and to complete the transformation from commodity capital to monetary capital. It is expressed by the formula as: Its position is the end stage of the capital cycle, whether commodities can be sold and obtain surplus value, whether the reproduction of capital can continue and the fate of the capitalists.

The first and third stages are the circulation process of capital, and the second stage is the production process of capital, so the industrial capital circulation process is the unity of the circulation process and the production process.

The general formula for the industrial capital cycle is: pm g-w....p…w′-g′a。

G represents money, W represents commodities, A represents labor, PM represents means of production, P represents the production process, W represents commodities containing surplus value, and G represents monetary capital that has achieved value multiplication; Solid line"—"Represents the circulation process, dotted line"…"It represents the interruption of the circulation process and the progress of the production process.

From a formal point of view. There is a contradiction between the general formula of capital and the law of value: according to the principle of equivalent exchange, the process of commodity exchange can only transform the form of value between commodities and money, but cannot cause a change in the quantity of value.

However, the general formula of capital multiplies the amount of value in the process of circulation, and this is the contradiction of the general formula of capital.

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1.In order for the industrial capital cycle to be carried out continuously, two conditions must be met:

It is necessary to maintain the spatial juxtaposition of the three functional forms of industrial capital.

It is necessary to maintain the sequential transformation of each functional form of industrial capital, which is carried out sequentially in time. These two conditions are mutually premised and mutually conditional.

2.The analysis of the capital cycle deepens the understanding of the nature of capital stupidity. The essence of capital has two characteristics:

First, capital, as a value capable of bringing surplus value, is a class relation, which embodies the specific class relations in which the capitalist exploits the workers. Second, it is also a kind of movement with value as the main body. Capital can only multiply in constant motion.

Therefore, capital can only be understood as a kind of non-stop motion, not as a static thing.

Extended Materials. 1. The circulation of industrial capital refers to the process in which industrial capital proceeds from a certain function, goes through the three stages of purchase, production and sales in turn, and takes the three functional forms of money capital, production capital and commodity capital respectively, and undertakes the three functions of preparing conditions for the generation of surplus value, producing surplus value and realizing surplus value, realizing the multiplication of value, and then returning to the original starting point. What to talk about.

2. What are the factors that affect investment:

1.The time value of money.

The time value of money refers to the value of money that has been increased by investing and reinvesting over a certain period of time. Project Calculation Period: An important factor to consider in the process of analyzing and selecting the optimal solution refers to the investment project.

The total time from the start of investment construction to the final liquidation is usually measured in years.

2.Cash flow.

For investment projects, cash flow refers to the various cash inflows and cash outflows that occur due to capital circulation during the project calculation period. In the process of long-term investment decision-making, cash flow is the basic data that must be considered when evaluating the feasibility of the investment plan, and it is also the main basis and important information for calculating the evaluation index of the investment project.

3.Cost of capital.

The cost of capital refers to the price that a business pays to raise and use capital. The cost of capital here refers to the cost of long-term funds, and the cost of capital depends on the amount of funds.

The three forms of industrial capital in its circulation process are: money capital, production capital, and commodity capital.

After three stages, simple cooperation, factory handicrafts, and large-scale machine industry, the production technology and the socialization of the labor process of the capitalist enterprises increased day by day, and finally industrial capital dominated the entire social production.

In the cyclical movement of capital, it takes the forms of money, production, and commodity capital in turn, and then abandons these forms, and in each form fulfills its corresponding function.

The comprehensive formula for the three forms of circulation of industrial capital is: the circulation of money capital: g-w....p…w′—g′。

The cycle of productive capital: p....w′—g′—w…p。The Circulation of Commodity Capital:

w′—g′—w…p…w′。The details are as follows:

Industrial capital can only preserve and multiply itself in constant motion, and therefore it cannot stop after completing a cycle, but must circulate in a circular manner. In this way, the formula of capital circulation becomes endless.

This cyclical process of constant correction and repetition shows that in the process of continuous movement of industrial capital, not only the circulation of money capital, but also the circulation of production capital and commodity capital are carried out at the same time. Therefore, there is not only one circular form of industrial capital, but three circular forms.

Industrial capital begins its own cycle in the form of money capital. The circulation of money capital is g-w....p…w′—g′。It is the advance of capital G in the form of money, and after a series of changes in form, it becomes G that has multiplied in value'Come to an end.

In the process of the circulation of money capital, the money advanced is constantly becoming more money, and the surplus value is constantly being produced. In this way, the circulation of money capital is g-w....p…w -g clearly shows that the capitalist master knows that the purpose of production is to obtain surplus value, or to make money, and that the production process is only an indispensable intermediate link. Since the circulation of money capital indicates this essential feature of capitalist production, it has become the general form of the circulation of industrial capital.

The general formula for the circulation of industrial capital is (teasing liquid).

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