What is the classification of general trade?

There are general**, processing**, compensation**, agreement**, border**, bilateral**, multilateral**, re-export**, transit**. Imports, like exports, may involve one of the above methods. Compensation** and transit goods must be imported and exported, so they are both imports and exports.

Processing refers to the business activities of the business enterprise that imports all or part of the raw and auxiliary materials, parts, components, and packaging materials (hereinafter referred to as materials and parts), and re-exports the finished products after processing or assembly, including incoming processing and incoming processing.

Processing is a re-export business characterized by processing, according to the characteristics of the business undertaken, the common processing methods include: incoming processing, incoming processing, assembly business and collaborative production. It is also called to buy raw materials and auxiliary materials from abroad with foreign exchange, and use domestic technology, equipment and labor to process them into finished products and sell them to foreign markets.

In this type of business, the operating enterprise enters into a contract with a foreign country for the purchase of raw materials as a buyer and a contract for the export of finished products as a seller. The two contracts are embodied in two transactions, both of which are the sale and purchase of goods characterized by the transfer of ownership. Import processing** should pay attention to the finished products processed in the international market to have a market.

Otherwise, it is difficult to balance the foreign exchange of imported raw materials, and from this point of view, the processing of imported materials should bear the first risk and the sales risk of finished products. Processing with supplied materials usually refers to the processing party provided by the other foreign party to provide raw materials, auxiliary materials and packaging materials, in accordance with the quality, specifications, styles agreed by both parties into finished products, handed over to the other party, and charged processing fees. Some are all incoming materials from the other party, some are incoming materials from the other party, and some are auxiliary materials from domestic raw materials used by the processor.

In addition, sometimes the other party only puts forward requirements such as specifications and specifications, and the processor uses local raw materials and auxiliary materials for processing and production. This practice is often referred to as:"Sample processing"。

In the international market, the first way to reimburse the cost of imported equipment and technology with products. It is not only a first-class way, but also a form of utilizing foreign capital. Its basic features are:

The buyer purchases machinery and equipment, technical know-how, etc. from the seller in the form of credit purchase, builds a factory enterprise, and gradually repays the principal and interest of the loan within a certain period of time with all the products produced, part of the products or other commodities agreed upon by both parties. The relationship between the two parties is the relationship between the buyer and the seller within the international scope, the buyer has full ownership and use rights for the purchased machinery and equipment or technical know-how, etc., and the seller does not own shares in the factory enterprise. This form not only makes use of foreign capital, but also expands the sales channels of goods.

Compensation is often combined with machining and is often referred to as:"Three to one to make up"。Due to the longer duration of the compensation**, generally 10 20 years or more, in most cases financial institutions are directly or indirectly involved. The implementation of compensation can solve the shortage of funds and foreign exchange for the buyer, and can take advantage of the opportunity to open up overseas markets to earn foreign exchange; For the seller, it can expand the sales of products, increase exports, and obtain a stable supply source.

The disadvantages of compensation** are that the form is not very flexible, it is difficult to reach an agreement, the procedures are more cumbersome, and the risk is greater. Germany was the first to adopt this method in 1931, and the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries also often used this method in their relations with the West. After China's reform and opening up, it also began to adopt this method.

Early compensation** was mainly used for the construction of large industrial enterprises. For example, at that time, the Soviet Union imported mining equipment worth 100 million US dollars from Japan and repaid it with 100 million tons of coal; Poland imports $400 million worth of chemical equipment and technology from the United States, which is offset by the repatriation of related industrial products. In the later stage, the compensation tends to be diversified, not only large-scale complete sets of equipment, but also small and medium-sized projects.

In the 80s of the 20th century, 40% of Poland's electronic and mechanical products exported to the West belonged to the compensation ** resale. In the 80s of the 20th century, China has widely used compensation to introduce foreign advanced technology and equipment, but the scale is not large, mostly small projects, foreign investors enter China as direct investment in equipment and technology, so the compensation is more reduced. However, with the development of China's market economy, the superiority of compensation in the use of foreign capital and promotion of sales cannot be ignored.

**Categorized as follows:

1. General**, general** refers to the unilateral import or unilateral export of enterprises with import and export operation rights in China;

2. Compensation, the international method of reimbursing imported equipment, technology and other expenses with products;

3. Processing and assembly with supplied materials refers to the provision of all raw materials, auxiliary materials, parts, components, accessories and packaging materials by foreign businessmen, and the equipment provided when necessary, and the processing unit of the undertaking party shall process and assemble according to the requirements of foreign businessmen;

4. Import processing** refers to the transaction form in which we purchase imported raw materials, auxiliary materials, parts, components, accessories, packaging materials, etc. with foreign exchange, and then export them after processing finished or semi-finished products;

5. Consignment and consignment sales refer to the consignee transporting the goods to the pre-agreed consignee, and the consignee will sell them in the local market in accordance with the pre-agreed agreement or according to the conditions stipulated in the consignment agreement.

**The conditions are as follows:

1. The condition index is higher than that of the base period, which means that the export commodities have increased relative to the imported commodities, that is, the country can exchange fewer export commodities for more imported commodities, which is beneficial to the country and the improvement of foreign trade conditions. On the contrary, if the index of imported goods increases faster than that of exported goods, or even the index of export goods does not change or decreases, then the index of conditions is lower than that of the base period, which means that a country has to export more goods in exchange for the same imported goods as before, which is obviously unfavorable for the country and is a deterioration of conditions. This change is often used as an indicator of unequal exchange between developed and developing countries.

2. ** condition refers to the ratio of a country's export commodity index to the import commodity index **. If the condition of the comparison period is greater than 100, it indicates that the country can exchange fewer export goods for the same number of imported goods, and the conditions are improved, which is beneficial to the country; If it is less than 100, it means that a country needs to export more goods in exchange for the same amount of imported goods as before, and the conditions deteriorate, which is not good for the country.

**Classification of Methods:

1. Classification according to transaction relationship.

Contractual transaction: The buyer and seller fix the buyer-seller relationship in the form of a contract.

Non-contractual transactions: Buyers and sellers negotiate directly on the spot (mainly in the form of bargaining) and then close the deal.

2. Classification by medium of exchange.

Cash Transactions: Transactions made directly in cash, most likely for retail use**.

Non-cash transactions: transactions carried out by clearing houses other than cash that can function as means of payment, including bills, credit cards, electronic settlements, etc.

3. Classification by trading activity.

Pure form of purchase and sale: the form of purchase in which goods are purchased directly in currency and the form of sale in which goods are directly exchanged for money. On the condition that there is no difficulty in purchasing and selling, and that goods and money can be exchanged directly.

Miscellaneous forms of purchase and sale: in other economic activities.

A form of combining with a purchase or sale as a condition for facilitating a purchase or sale. The reason for its rise is that it is difficult to carry out pure purchase and sale under certain circumstances, and other economic activities need to be opened as a condition for its realization.

4. Classified according to the relationship between transaction and production and consumption.

Pure acquisition and pure **: ** activities carried out without difficulties in the purchase and sale.

Participation in production and participation in consumption: activities that take place in the presence of specific barriers.

5. Classification by time.

Spot Transaction: Takes place at the time when the buyer and seller reach an agreement on their intention to purchase.

Deferred transaction: ** activities that cannot be carried out at spot, there are three situations: goods before currency, currency before goods, and goods and currencies are deferred.

So so**. It refers to the unilateral import or unilateral export of enterprises with import and export rights in China, and the goods imported and exported according to the general transaction method are general goods.

Generally, ** goods can go through customs procedures according to the general import and export supervision system when imported, and then it is general import and export goods; It can also enjoy specific tax reduction and exemption preferences, and go through customs procedures according to the specific tax reduction and exemption supervision system, at which time it is a specific tax reduction and exemption goods; It can also be approved by the customs to be bonded and go through customs procedures according to the bonded supervision system, at which time it is bonded goods.

The difference between general** and cross-border commodities: General** refers to the unilateral import or unilateral export of enterprises with import and export rights in China, and the goods imported and exported according to the general ** transaction method are general **goods. Cross-border commodities refer to commodities that are purchased through overseas formal channels, pre-declared and recorded, and stored in special customs supervision areas in advance under the supervision of customs and inspection and quarantine departments.

Imports refer to the purchase of raw materials, products, and services required for production or consumption by non-residents of the region. The purpose of imports is to obtain lower cost production inputs, or to seek monopoly profits for products and services that are not available in the country.

International**, also known as trade, refers to the transaction of goods and services across national borders, which is generally composed of imports and exports, so it can also be called import and export.

1. According to the direction of the movement of goods, the international ** can be divided into: import**, export**, transit**.

2. According to the statistical standards, the international standard can be divided into: general, special.

3. According to the form of commodities, it can be divided into in-depth infiltration: tangible and intangible.

4. According to whether there is a third party to participate in the international **, it can be divided into: direct**, indirect**, and the ridge mouth of the mausoleum**.

5. According to the number of participating countries, international ** can be divided into: bilateral**, multilateral**.

6. According to the international settlement instrument**, it can be divided into: spot exchange**, accounting**, and barter**.

7. According to the mode of cargo transportation, it can be divided into: land**, sea**, air**, mail order**.

8. According to the level of economic development, international regret can be divided into: horizontal, vertical.

9. According to the regional and international**, it can be divided into: south-south**, north-south**, north-north**.