For information about railways, there are detailed information about railways

1. Railways are the tracks of trains, urban railways and other means of transportation. Rail transport is a type of land transportation in which a locomotive pulls a train on two parallel tracks. However, railway transportation in a broad sense still includes non-steel wheel travel methods such as maglev trains, cable cars, and cableways, or rail transportation.

2. Ordinary speed railway, referred to as ordinary speed railway, the full name of ordinary speed railway system, refers to the railway with low design speed and can only allow trains to travel at ordinary speed. In the early days of railway construction, there was no talk of a general-speed railway, and it was not until the era of high-speed rail that there was a concept of general-speed railway. After the leap forward in the speed of trains and tracks, the concept of grading based on different speed indicators as the basis for the classification of railway types gradually became popular.

Although the speed of the general-speed railway is low, it is the main body of the world's railway system.

3. China's general speed railway standard: non-passenger dedicated lines not more than 160km h speed level and no more than 140km h speed level passenger dedicated lines.

On June 20, e-tickets will be promoted and implemented on general-speed railways across the country, covering more than 1,300 general-speed railway stations. At that time, more passengers will enjoy the convenience brought by the "one-pass pass" of e-tickets, and the travel experience will be further improved.

The history of Chinese railways.

In 1876, the first railway appeared on Chinese soil, the Wusong Railway.

Five years later, under the auspices of the Qing Dynasty Westernists, the construction of the Tangshan-Xugezhuang railway began in 1881, thus opening the prelude to China's independent construction of the railway.

However, due to the ignorance and the policy of closing the country to the outside world, by 1894, only about 400 kilometers of railways had been built in the past two decades.

By the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China's railway mileage reached 10,000 kilometers.

By the end of 2003, there were only 10,000 kilometers of railways in China.

In more than 50 years, it has only grown by 50,000 kilometers, and the average person is less than a cigarette long!

1. The Founding Period (1876-1893).

Information and knowledge about railways began to arrive in China, around the time of the Opium War in 1840.

At that time, Chinese patriots and people of insight, such as Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Xu Jishe and others, successively wrote books and lectures to introduce railway knowledge.

In 1876, the first railway appeared on Chinese soil, which was the Wusong Railway, which was built by the British capital group by deception.

The railway was in operation for more than a year before it was redeemed and demolished.

2. The imperialist struggle for the right of way, the period of slow development of China's railways (1894-1948).

In 1894, after the Qing Dynasty was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, the Eight-Nation Coalition seized China's railway rights.

More than 10,000 kilometers of China's right of way was swallowed up and divided, forming the first ** of imperialist plundering of China's right of way

Subsequently, they designed and built a number of railways according to their own needs, with different standards and messy equipment, resulting in the chaos and backwardness of China's railways.

During the Qing Dynasty (1876-1911), about 9,400 kilometers of railways were built.

Among them, about 41% were directly built and operated by imperialism; about 39 per cent controlled by imperialism through loans; State-owned railways, including the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, the commercial railway, and the redeemed Jinghan and Guangzhou-San railways built by China on its own initiative, account for only about 20 percent

After the Xinhai Revolution, Yuan Shikai announced the "unification of the road administration" in 1912, dissolved the commercial railway companies in various provinces, and nationalized all the railways that had been built and were under construction in various provinces to offset foreign debts, thus forming the second ** of imperialist plundering of China's right of way

From 1912 to 1916, more than 13,000 kilometres of right of way were acquired.

During the Beiyang ** period (1912-1927), about 2,100 kilometers of railways were built in Kannai.

In 1928, after Nanjing ** came to power, the railway was mainly built in the form of a "joint venture" between bureaucratic comprador capital and imperialist monopoly capital, thus leading to the third ** imperialist plundering of China's right of way

During the Nanjing ** period (1928-1948), about 13,000 kilometers of railways were built in Chinese mainland.

1. The transportation volume is large, the speed is fast, the cost is low, and it is generally not limited by climatic conditions, which is suitable for long-distance transportation of bulk and bulky goods. It is not only suitable for medium and long transportation distances of bulk and low-value cargo, but also suitable for transporting bulk cargo and canned cargo, such as coal, ore, grain, chemical products, petroleum, etc.

2. The railway not only shows the country's manufacturing level and innovation ability, but also the most important infrastructure for transporting nutrients for modernization.

3. As an important national infrastructure, the main artery of the national economy and a popular means of transportation, the railway plays a more important role in the modern transportation system and is the mainstay of the transportation industry.

4. The Eurasian continent is connected by railway, which provides favorable conditions for the development of the Near East and European countries. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's international transportation was mainly limited to Eastern European countries, and railway transportation accounted for about 50 of China's total import and export cargo transportation, which was the main mode of transportation for China's import and export at that time.

5. Railway transportation plays an important role in the distribution of import and export goods in ports and the circulation of commodities between provinces and municipalities. China has a vast territory, most of the seaborne imported goods are transported from the port to the consignee in the mainland by railway, and most of the seaborne export goods are also concentrated in the port by the inland through the railway, so railway transportation is an important distribution mode for China's international cargo transportation.

Classification of railways. According to the speed, function, technical standards of the railway, etc., the railway can be divided into different types, such as high-speed railway, intercity railway, general-speed railway, subway, light rail, etc. Different types of railways have different design requirements, equipment configurations, operation modes, etc.

Infrastructure of railways. The infrastructure of the railway mainly includes line engineering, bridge engineering, tunnel engineering, track engineering, traction power supply engineering in socks, etc., which are the material basis for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of trains. Different types of railways have different infrastructure standards and specifications.

Organization of transportation by rail. Railway transportation organization refers to the rational arrangement of train operation plans, dispatching and command, transportation services, etc., according to the needs of passengers and goods, so as to realize the optimal allocation and utilization of railway transportation resources. The transportation organization of the railway involves the coordination and cooperation of multiple systems and departments, such as passenger transport system, freight system, signal system, communication system, EMU maintenance system, etc.

Trends in the development of railways. With the advancement of science and technology and the development of society, railways are constantly innovating and improving to improve speed, safety, comfort and environmental protection. In the future, there may be more new technologies and models for railways, such as maglev trains, hyperloops, intelligent high speed trains, green high speed trains, etc.

1.Rail railway: There are two types: standard gauge and narrow gauge, the standard gauge is meters, and the narrow gauge is less than it.

2.Rails: are the basic building blocks of railways. Rails usually consist of steel rails and dwarf iron. Typical rail lengths range from 12 to 25 meters, and their type and material may vary from region to region.

3.Train: A means of transportation composed of carriages pulled by locomotives or EMUs. Trains are usually classified according to their use and speed.

4.High-speed railway: refers to a railway system with a design speed of more than 200 kilometers and mountain hours, generally composed of EMUs. At present, China's high-speed railway is developing rapidly and has become the most complete high-speed railway network in the world.

5.Railway safety: Railway safety is an important task to ensure the safety of trains and passengers. To this end, it is necessary to carry out a detailed inspection of the various equipment and driving links of the railway system and the development and application of related technologies.

6.Rail freight: Freight transport by rail is generally containerized, and transporting goods by rail can save transportation costs, promote commercial exchanges, and support the country's economic development.

7.The role of railways in environmental protection: Railways are more environmentally friendly than other modes of transportation, such as cars and Qinshan or airplanes. Rail traffic does not produce exhaust gas and noise pollution, and at the same time can save a lot of oil resources.

Locomotive: whistle, three long and one short.

Self-wheel running special equipment: whistle sound, two long and one short.

Locomotive: The sound of the whistle, one long, one short, one long and short.

Trucks: Whistle sounds, four long, one short.

Bus: The sound of the horn, a short, a long nonsense, a short and long.

Subway trains: Whistle sounds, one short, one long, one short and long.

EMU: The sound of the whistle, one short, one long, one short and long, one long.

Railway signal lights: stop at red light, go at green light, and pay attention to safety at yellow light.

Railway crossing signs: left turn, right turn, straight turn, finch making noise is forbidden to pass through the road.

Railway line signs: flat curves, gentle curves, sharp curves, no crossing of lines.

Railway knowledge: Railway lines are divided into two types: standard gauge and broad gauge.

High-speed railways are railways that reach speeds of more than 250 kilometers per hour.

An EMU is a high-speed train that can travel quickly in a short period of time.

The railway signaling system includes three types: manual control, automatic control and automatic control.

Locomotive, self-wheel running special equipment whistle mode:

When the locomotive and self-wheel running special equipment need to send out an alarm, it will first make a long "beep" sound to indicate a warning.

If a more urgent warning is required, three short "beep-tick-tick-tick" sounds will be emitted in a row to indicate an emergency stop.

If a warning needs to be issued to other vehicles, a different sound will be heard. For example, there will be a long "woo--" sound when turning left, and a short "click---" sound when turning right.

In 1825, the history of railways began in England with motor vehicle tractors that traveled between cities on tracks to transport goods or passengers. Before 1825, there were horse-drawn carriages on tracks or steam engines mounted on vehicles to drive vehicles on roads, but these were not modes of rail transport.

The development of the world's railways Over the past 100 years, railway technology has developed greatly, which can be roughly divided into a pioneering period, a development period, a mature period and a new development period.

The years 1825 and 1850 are generally considered to be the pioneering period for the development of railways. This period coincided with the late stage of the industrial revolution, the steel industry and the machine manufacturing industry had reached a certain level, and at the same time, the industrial development had the problem of raw materials and products to be solved. In this way, the rapid rise of railways was promoted.

After Britain built its first railroad in 1825, the United States and Germany began to build railways. By 1850, 19 countries around the world had built railways and were in operation.

Crane Henan Giant Crane Group.

Three horizontal (east-west): 1Beijing-Qin-Beijing-Baobao-Baolan line; 2.Longhai-Lanxin line; 3.Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou-Guikun line.

Five verticals (north-south): 1Beijing-Harbin = Beijing-Guangzhou Line; 2.Beijing-Shanghai Line; 3.Beijing-Kowloon Line; 4.scorched willow line; 5.Baocheng-Chengkun line.

The "three horizontal and five vertical" of China's railways. The north-south railway lines mainly include: Beijing-Harbin Line - Beijing-Guangzhou Line, Beijing-Kowloon Line, Beijing-Shanghai Line, Tongpu Line - Taijiao Line - Jiaoliu Line, Baozhong Line - Baocheng Line - Chengkun Line; The east-west railway lines mainly include:

Daqin Line - Beijing-Baobao Line - Baolan Line, Longhai Line - Lanxin Line, Shanghai-Hangzhou Line - Zhejiang-Jiangxi Line - Xiangqian Line - Guikun Line. It should be emphasized that from the length of the Binsui Line-Binzhou Line, it seems that it is also a very important railway line, but because it is only distributed in the northeast of China, it cannot be regarded as a national-level trunk line. China's railway network has been basically formed, and the main railway lines run through the north and south, crossing the east and west.