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Knowledge system: Looking at the content of modern Chinese history, we can see that there are three basic threads running through it. The first is the history of foreign capitalism's invasion of China (or the humiliating history of Chinese society's gradual degeneration into a semi-colony).

For more than 100 years since the Opium War in 1840, foreign capitalist powers have frantically invaded China through various means such as military intimidation, diplomatic coercion, commodity and capital exports, support for the best people, and cultural infiltration, resulting in the loss of political independence, economic plunder, cultural destruction in modern China, and finally reduced to a semi-colonial society. Second, it is the history of the resistance of the Chinese people. Along with the deepening of the aggression and oppression of foreign capitalism and domestic feudal forces, the Chinese people with fine revolutionary traditions waged an indomitable and heroic struggle for more than 100 years, and finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, ending the history of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Third, it is the history of exploration of the Chinese people. That is, while resisting, the advanced representatives of all classes in Chinese society learned from the West, unremittingly explored various ways to save the country and the people, and put forward a variety of plans to save the country. However, whether it was the progressive elements in the landlord class, the peasant class, or the national bourgeois reformers and revolutionaries, their ideals of national salvation were shattered one after another by failure. It was not until after the founding of the Communist Party of China that it finally led the victory of the democratic revolution by integrating Marxist theory with the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution and through arduous and tortuous exploration and practice.

China's modern history is actually a history of exploration and struggle under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in socialist construction. There are successful experiences and lessons from failures. These historical facts can be divided into two aspects: successes and mistakes.

The most fatal weakness: they are all just to consolidate the rule of the Qing **, not to fundamentally enrich the country and strengthen the army! Think about it, when the wise emperor saved food expenses and built ships, Cixi was embezzling the navy's military funds to celebrate his birthday, how could such a country be undefeated?

It was all the old democratic revolution.

The corruption and incompetence of the leaders.

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom betrayed its own class nature, and the content of the "New Chapter of Senior Administration" was only utopian and not operational.

In the early stage, the Westernists were based on "self-improvement."'As a slogan, learn from the West's strong ships and artillery, advanced technology, and set up some military industries, but its management still follows the feudal yamen-style management, which is basically of the nature of official supervision and commercial management, regardless of cost, does not seek the market, most of the products are used for themselves, and the quality is not very good.

In the later period, the goal of "seeking wealth" was mainly to solve the problems of industrial capital, raw materials, and markets in the early stage, and achieved certain results, resisted the economic invasion of foreign powers to a certain extent, and played a certain role in promoting the rise and development of modern national capitalism.

However, there was no strong support for Westernization activities, and the Qing Dynasty itself was also in various considerations before developing Westernization, and the diehards in the imperial court were strong, and the policy was loosened from time to time. Only by the local Zeng Guofan and his student Li Hongzhang. and Zuo Zongtang, and other powerful landlords are enthusiastic about setting up, and their strength is limited.

Among them, Li Hongzhang is the most effective, but he has played too much by himself, and his pockets are too much, and the social function of the enterprise has been discounted.

In short, in the absence of solid backing and huge financial resources, rudeness, and manpower, Westernization activities (to be precise, there can be no movement) only hope to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty by learning advanced Western technology (its rule is already at the end of the crossbow, and it will be goodbye immediately) without changing the social system.

But the benefits to it cannot be erased. Indeed, it has played a great role in promoting the beginning of China's modern cause.

Similarities: 1. Historical background: both occurred when world capitalism entered the stage of imperialism, the Qing Dynasty was extremely corrupt, and China was facing a serious national crisis.

2. Pure rotten appeal: trying to change China's backward appearance.

3. The final result and its causes: None of them has been able to change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the fundamental reasons are all class limitations and detachment from the broad masses of the people.

4. Influence: All of them have had a beneficial impact on the progress of Chinese society to varying degrees.

Differences: Westernization Movement: The feudal system itself was not touched. He advocated the use of advanced Western military technology to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty as the Kai Dynasty. They set up modern military and civilian industries, and trained the navy.

The Taiping Rebellion: It was a peasant uprising demanding the overthrow of feudal rule, but it put forward a plan for capitalist development.

Experience: Westernization Movement: opened the door to China's modernization and played an inducing role in the emergence and development of China's national capitalism;

Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping Revolution took place in the early stage of China's modern society, which was both a simple peasant war and an old bourgeois democratic revolution, which can be said to be the prelude to the slow life of the old democratic revolution in modern Chinese history.

Differences:1Leadership Class: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a peasant class. The Blind Westernization Movement was the landlord class. The Wuxu Reform and the Xinhai Revolution were the national bourgeoisie.

2.The purpose was different: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Xinhai Revolution were anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, overthrowing the Qing court. Both the Westernization Movement and the Wuxu Reform Law were movements to change the posture of the Qing Dynasty and maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

3.Nature: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was a peasant uprising. The Westernization Movement was the landlord's self-help. The Pentecostal Reform is a bourgeois reform. The Xinhai Revolution was a bourgeois revolution.

4.Approach: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Xinhai Revolution were violent revolutions from below. The Western-style ridge movement and the pentecostal method are top-down improvements.

In fact, all the reforms in ancient times were essentially aimed at maintaining their own privileges and consolidating their rule, and under this premise, any reform was a superficial fine-tuning, and it was impossible to touch the deep interests at all.

The power of the conservatives is very strong, but the reform has to be cut from the vested interest groups, and the vested interest groups cannot let their own interests suffer, and they will inevitably be strongly opposed, and the failure of many reforms is inevitable.

The common cause of the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Westernization Movement, and the Wuxu Reform Law was that there was no advanced and correct theoretical guidance and a correct way to solve the Chinese problem.

The Taiping Rebellion was an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movement of the peasant class, and the fundamental reason for its failure was the limitations of the peasant class itself. The fundamental reason for the failure was that China was a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and reform that did not fundamentally change the nature of society would not work. The fundamental reason for its failure was that the Chinese national bourgeoisie was underdeveloped and the bourgeoisie's strength was weak.

Introduction to the Taiping Rebellion.

The Taiping Rebellion was a peasant uprising against the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty and foreign capitalist aggression initiated by a leading group composed of Hong Xiuquan, Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui, Feng Yunshan, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai from Jintian Village, Guangxi Province between the first year of Xianfeng and the third year of Tongzhi (1851-1864) of the Qing Dynasty, and was a large-scale anti-Qing movement in China in the mid-19th century. In 1864, the fall of Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, marked the failure of the movement.

Introduction to the Westernization Movement.

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Late Qing Self-Help Movement and the Self-Improvement Movement. This movement was carried out by the Westernists in the 60s and 90s of the 19th century to introduce Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to maintain feudal rule"Self-improvement"、"Seek to get rich"Motion.

Although the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong for more than 30 years, the Westernization Movement introduced advanced science and technology from the West, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China, which objectively played a role in promoting the emergence and development of China's national capitalism.

The fundamental guiding ideology is:"Self-improvement"、"Seek to get rich"。The idea of classification is:"Shiyi subjugated" 、"It is used in the West in the Chinese body"Eight words. The first four words"Shiyi subjugated"It shows the relationship between the Westernization Movement and foreign capitalist invaders, that is, learning the skills of the West to resist the aggression of the West and blazing a trail.

Introduction to the Pentecostal Method.

From June to September 21, 1898, the bourgeois reformists with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao as the main leading figures advocated the political reform movement of learning from the West, advocating science and culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry, and commerce through Emperor Guangxu. On September 21, 1898, the Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched a coup d'état, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao of the reform faction fled to France and Japan respectively, Tan Sitong, Kang Guangren, Lin Xu, Yang Shenxiu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi, a total of 6 people were killed, and the reform failed, which lasted 103 days. The Hundred Days Restoration was part of the Pentecostal Reform Law.

The Wuxu Reform Law was an important political reform in China's modern history, and it was also an ideological enlightenment movement, which promoted the emancipation of the mind, played an important role in promoting social progress, ideological and cultural development, and promoting the progress of modern Chinese society.

The common cause of the failure of the Taiping Rebellion, the Westernization Movement, and the Wuxu Reform was class limitations and detachment from the broad masses of the people.

The Taiping Rebellion was a peasant uprising against the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty and foreign capitalist aggression initiated by a leading group composed of Hong Xiuquan, Yang Xiuqing, Xiao Chaogui, Feng Yunshan, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai from Jintian Village, Guangxi, during the period from the first year of Xianfeng to the third year of Tongzhi (1851-1864) of the Qing Dynasty, and was the largest large-scale anti-Qing movement in China in the mid-19th century. In 1864, with the fall of Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Empire, the movement failed.

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Late Qing Self-Help Movement and the Self-Improvement Movement. This movement was a "self-improvement" and "wealth-seeking" movement carried out by the Westernists in the 60s and 90s of the 19th century to introduce Western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to maintain feudal rule.

From June 11 to September 21, 1898, the reformists led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao advocated learning from the West, advocating science and culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry, and commerce. On September 21, 1898, the Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched a coup d'état, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao of the reform faction fled to France and Japan respectively, and the six gentlemen of Wuxu, Tan Sitong, Kang Guangren, Lin Xu, Yang Shenxiu, Yang Rui, and Liu Guangdi were killed, and the reform failed for 103 days.

The gap between ideals and reality is too great.

First of all, the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was because the battle was good at that time and there was no greed for pleasure, and it took half of the Qing Dynasty in one go, and then the upper class was complacent, and failed because of the glory, when it was too late to redeem it, but, in the society at that time, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was now rare.

The Westernization Movement is also like this, it is too beautiful and ideal, but it is also a deduction of profits by the government and enterprises, and the shoddy quality of private enterprises, which will not work at all.

First of all, the strength of the reformers who changed the law was too weak, their ideas were too simple, and they were reckless and radical, mainly because they were weak and social conditions did not allow it.

All three have empty theoretical blueprints, and they are bound by reality when they do, and failure is the inevitable history of their own writing, I hope it can help you.

In turn, the joint extermination of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces and the limitations of the peasant class did not touch the decadent feudal system, harmed the interests of the feudal landlord class, and the weakness and compromise of the national bourgeoisie.

They are all deeply educated by Western culture, and they are all anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, and anti-old literature.

The limitations of the bourgeoisie itself.

The reactionary forces at home and abroad are too strong.

Those who win the hearts of the people win the world, and without the support of the peasants, they cannot defeat a powerful enemy.

In the end, he did not build up his own armed forces. Although the Xinhai Revolution had some armies in its hands, they were all warlords.

It is difficult to say in detail about this common reason, because the nature of these three events is different: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movement of the peasant class, and the fundamental reason for its failure was the limitations of the peasant class itself; The fundamental reason for the failure of the Westernization Movement was that China was a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and it did not fundamentally change the nature of society.

Improvement will not work; The fundamental reason for its failure was that the Chinese national bourgeoisie was underdeveloped and the bourgeoisie's strength was weak. Therefore, if we must say that the common reason is that we did not proceed from the actual national conditions of China at that time, we did not adapt the relations of production to the development of the productive forces, and the superstructure was compatible with the economic base. (Personally) or arguably the failure of the limitations of their respective classes, which I personally think is more in line with the requirements of common causes. Thank you.