Compare the similarities and differences between the germination of capitalism in the Ming and Qing

It is recommended to compare from the background of the times, historical influence, etc.! The following can be given to you for reference, I guess you can write it like this!

Similarities:1The germination of capitalism in China and the West was born in the same era on the basis of the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commodity economy, Western Europe was born in the 14th and 15th centuries, and China was born in the middle and late Ming Dynasty;

2.All of them are produced in coastal or riverside areas with developed and frequent transportation; All announced the beginning of the decline and disintegration of feudal society.

Differences:1The degree of development is not good, China only appeared in a few areas and individual handicraft sectors in the south of the Yangtze River, while Europe produced in a wider range of ways, including the transformation of urban handicraft workshops into handicraft workshops, the important role of commercial capital, and the emergence of rural capitalist farms;

2.The social environment is different, the development of China's feudal system is stubborn, the natural economy occupies a dominant position, feudalism suppresses the budding development of capitalism, and the European feudal system is relatively weak, and capitalism is easy to break through the shackles of feudalism and rise and develop;

3.The outcome and impact are different: European capitalism sprouted and developed, forming a powerful historical trend, pushing European countries to carry out bourgeois revolution or reform, successively embark on the capitalist road, and carry out aggression and expansion abroad, impacting the backward system of the East and subordinating the East to the West, while the budding capitalism in China was strangled by feudalism and stagnated, widening the gap with Europe and creating a situation of backwardness and beating.

Here are some of my bits and pieces that you can also take a look at:

Different: The germ of capitalism in Western Europe arose in autonomous cities, and then quickly spread and developed into a capitalist force. The germ of capitalism in China arose in the cities under feudal rule, and its development was slow due to the hindrance of the feudal system.

Same: all appeared on the basis of the development of the commodity economy at the end of feudal society; Marked by the advent of artisanal workshops; It was also produced roughly between the 14th and 16th centuries.

Reason: In China, due to the deep-rooted feudal system of more than 2,000 years, the reactionary domestic and foreign policies of the rulers in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the self-sufficient natural economy has always occupied a dominant position, the capitalist economy is weak, and the development is slow, although its emergence has greatly affected the prosperity of literature and art in the Ming and Qing dynasties and the emergence of anti-feudal democratic ideas, but it has not caused great changes in Chinese society, let alone directly led to the disintegration of feudalism and the birth of capitalism.

In Europe, the capitalist economy developed rapidly due to the extremely uneven development of the feudal system in various places, the development of the commodity economy and commercial capital was much more adequate than in China, and the prevalence of mercantilist thought. caused a drastic change in Western European society. The opening of new shipping routes, the Renaissance, the Reformation, ......It was the inevitable result of the development of the capitalist economy, which eventually led to the dissolution of feudalism in Western Europe and the birth of capitalism.

Impact: The emergence of capitalism catalyzes the disintegration of feudalism to varying degrees, promotes scientific and technological and cultural progress, and pushes history forward, but its role is much stronger in Western Europe than in China.

The germination of capitalism in China and the West was born in the same era on the basis of the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commodity economy, Western Europe was born in the 14th and 15th centuries, and China was born in the middle and late Ming Dynasty; All of them are produced in coastal or riverside areas with developed and frequent transportation; All announced the beginning of the decline and disintegration of feudal society.

The social environment is different.

Outcomes and effects differed.

The degree of development is different.

The germ of capitalism in Western Europe.

What are the important forms? （)

a Boom or Slowdown of Workshop Handicrafts.

b The advent of handicraft workshops.

c The rise of the factory.

d Monetary ground rent.

Answer: A1 The handicraftsmen are differentiated, and the capitalist road develops from the field of handicraft production. In Venice, Florence.

A small number of wealthy workshop owners, who had accumulated a great deal of wealth, increased their helpers and apprentices, making them wage workers without directly participating in the production process, and becoming capitalists who lived exclusively by exploiting the workers, while a large number of apprentices, helpers, and some bankrupt workshop owners became wage workers.

2. The road for commercial capital to penetrate into the field of production, thus transforming it into the production capital of the bridge. The emergence of the merchant class accelerated the development of capitalism. By virtue of their mastery of the market, the merchant supplied raw materials and purchased products to the small producers in the cottage industry, becoming the contractor capitalists themselves, while the small producers gradually lost their independence and became wage workers on the piece-rate basis.

Analysis: During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the innovation of production tools improved the quality of products, the improvement of production technology enriched the product variety, the fine division of labor promoted the development of regional division of labor and specialized towns, and the expansion of production scale increased the output of handicraft products. All this contributed to the development of the commodity economy, which was a necessary condition for the emergence of capitalism.

The development of handicrafts in the Ming and Qing dynasties led to the differentiation of handicraft producers, with some wealthy workshop owners becoming early capitalists and some bankrupt handicraftsmen reduced to wage workers with free labor. The emergence of the new type of production relations in the bud of capitalism, in turn, contributed to the further development of handicrafts.

1.The budding capitalism is a socio-economic phenomenon.

2.The germ of capitalism refers to a relation of production.

3.This kind of production relations arose in the late feudal period, when the social and economic development reached certain conditions.

4.The real germ of capitalism, always multi-recurring, can be observed repeatedly.

5.The germ of capitalism is a new kind of production relations within feudal society, which has the vitality of new things.

6.Once it is generated, it will not die halfway unless there is a force majeure cause, but will lead to a new mode of production.

7.The real germ of capitalism should have continuity and orientation.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, some production sectors (textile industry, etc.) in Jiangsu and Zhejiang sporadically produced the germ of capitalism, and the specific form was: "machine owners contribute, machine workers contribute" formed a capitalist nature of employment relations. (Timing and distribution, note the wording).

This budding capitalism played a role in promoting the economic development at that time, especially the development of the commodity economy, enriching the people's market choices, enlivening the market, promoting the improvement of the productivity of the corresponding sectors, and promoting the development of cities to a certain extent, but in general, the effect of these effects under the feudal natural economy was limited. (Role).

The emergence and development of capitalism in China under the natural economy of small peasants was quite slow, and the environment for development was relatively harsh. **The idea of valuing agriculture over commerce is to blame, impose heavy taxes on commodities, and set up many checkpoints across the country; The Ming and Qing dynasties were at the end of China's feudal society, and the people were poor and could not afford to buy goods; The self-sufficiency of the natural economy likewise limits the development of the budding capitalism (development environment).

As for the results, there are two versions in the academic community. First, the germ of capitalism in China was stifled by foreign capitalism after the development of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the capitalism in modern China was brought by foreigners.

The second is that the germ of capitalism in China has not been stifled, and it has developed together with foreign capitalism in modern times, which is an important part of China's modernization. Textbooks generally adopt the first view, that one of the effects of the invasion of China by the Western powers was to cut off the path for the budding and independent development of capitalism in China.

Capitalism sprouts.

Premise: the development of agriculture, the progress of handicrafts and the prosperity of commerce.

Performance: After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the textile industry for the purpose of producing commodities gradually emerged, and developed in some areas of the south of the Yangtze River.

It is an independent handicraft workshop.

In the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty, in some production sectors in some areas south of the Yangtze River, the germ of capitalism sparsely appeared.

a Suzhou appeared to be engaged in silk weaving"Users", opened a machine room, and hired mechanics for production. The machine owner is early.

period of capitalists. A mechanic was an early wage worker.

b．"The machine owner contributes and the machine worker contributes"This employment relationship is a capitalist nature of production relations.

The germ of capitalism in the Qing Dynasty continued to develop.

a The scale of the handicraft workshop has been expanded and the division of labor has been fine-tuned;

Such as: Foshan iron smelting, each furnace field,"There are 300 families living in the ring. There are more than 200 stokers and more than 300 iron ore diggers; There are more than 200 people who draw and burn charcoal"。

b The number of sectors and regions with the germ of capitalism has increased.

For example, in the Qing Dynasty, the iron smelting industry in Guangdong, the mining industry in Yunnan, the sugar boiling industry in Taiwan, the logging industry in Shaanxi, and the coal mining industry in Beijing all appeared in the germ of capitalism.

1. Social and economic development in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Characteristics of social and economic development in the Ming and Qing dynasties:

General feature: the feudal economy continued to move forward, but produced the germ of capitalism. Feudal society went into decline.

Specific characteristics: The trend of commercialization of agricultural production has been strengthened, and specialized agricultural production areas have been formed. (Changes in the structure of agricultural production).

The handicraft industry has the emergence of capitalist germs;

Commerce is booming like never before;

Implement a closed policy to the outside world.

2. The performance of social and economic development in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Agricultural development. Introduction of new varieties of high-yielding crops – maize and sweet potato.

Expansion of the area planted with cash crops - cotton.

Commercialization of agricultural production – regionalization of production (cotton, tobacco, flowers) Advances in handicrafts.

Tool innovation - "yarn machine".

Technical improvement - two-color overprinting technology.

Increasingly dense - weaving is still Songjiang, pulp dyeing is still Wuhu.

Expansion of scale - Foshan iron smelting industry.

A new relation of production – the budding capitalism emerges.

Business is booming. The domestic market expanded, the variety of commodities increased, the feudal cities flourished (Nanjing, Beijing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang), and the currency was developed (**).

Characteristics: The economy is developing slowly, and capitalism is always budding.