Why did the germ of capitalism first appear in Jiangnan?

Looking at the origin of world capitalism, Britain appeared in the wool textile industry, Venice appeared in the shipbuilding industry, and China appeared in the silk textile industry, it can be seen that in feudal society, capitalism could not have originated in agriculture, but could only have originated in the labor-intensive industry of handicrafts. Southern China is different, sericulture silk textile industry is a low-cost and high-yield industry, all that needs to be done is to invest a huge amount of human labor, family workshop production has been unable to meet the needs of production, so the workshop owner will ask acquaintances to help in his leisure time, and pay a certain amount of remuneration accordingly, over time, the capitalist employment relationship will arise, the bankrupt peasants who can not be exploited by the landlords will live on the remuneration obtained by "help", and the workshop owners will gradually break away from labor and become capitalists, Thus the primitive capitalist relations of production are formed.

To put it simply, the textile industry in Jiangnan is developed.

It was most influenced by the Song Dynasty.

Modern China, feudal relations of production.

From the point of view of the land system, the private ownership of land by the landlords has always been dominant, the peasants are still oppressed and exploited by the landlords, and the contradictions between the landlord class and the peasant class have always existed, and sometimes they are still very prominent. However, the textbooks do not express the domestic contradiction as the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class. This is because the economic structure and class relations of modern Chinese society have undergone great changes.

From the point of view of economic structure, in addition to the natural economy, foreign capitalist economy and national capitalist economy appeared, and in the late modern period, bureaucratic capitalist economy and new democratic economy appeared. From the point of view of class relations, the proletariat has emerged.

The national bourgeoisie and the bureaucratic bourgeoisie. As a result, the class contradictions in modern Chinese society have also complicated. In addition to the contradictions between the landlord class and the peasant class, there are also contradictions between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the big landlords, big compradors, and bureaucratic bourgeoisie.

The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class is only a part of the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people. Therefore, the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class cannot be expressed in terms of the domestic contradictions in modern Chinese society.

Second, we must be clear: the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has not always been the most important contradiction in modern Chinese society. The development of the two main contradictions is unbalanced.

It can be said that when the great powers launched a large-scale war of aggression against China, the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation was the most important contradiction. It is precisely because of this that there is a clear **.

Only the declaration of war on foreign countries, the heroic resistance of patriotic officers and soldiers, and the spontaneous struggle of the masses against foreign aggression were the second hand in hand between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party and the formation of the anti-Japanese national united front. The contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people is most prominent when the great powers change their means and methods of aggression against China, using economic, political rather than military means, and indirect methods of "governing China with China" instead of direct colonial rule. Such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.

Period、Beiyang warlords。

The period of rule, the period of ten-year confrontation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and the War of Liberation.

period. In short, the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social nature of modern China determines the main contradictions in Chinese society, and the changes in the status of the two contradictions affect the course of modern China's historical development.

1. The middle and late Ming Dynasty.

2. Development. Germination refers to the emergence of a production relationship, the germination has not yet been shaped to form the climate, and the emergence reflects the normativity and scale in a sense. This is a new thing, which represents the general trend of China's social development and progress, and is progressive; However, it has the characteristics of sparse and weak in a few industries in a few regions; Because the natural economic system of Chinese feudal society itself lacked the necessary conditions to promote the development of capitalist production relations, the budding development of capitalism in China was very slow, and the natural economy was still dominant, and this situation lasted until the eve of the Opium War.

3. Significance. The budding capitalism in China has facilitated it, but it has not led to the transformation of Chinese society. In Europe, however, capitalism has greatly promoted the development of the productive forces, the progress of science and technology, and the economy, and further led to tremendous changes in the economic structure, class structure, ideology, and values, which led to a bourgeois revolution and an overturn to capitalism in Europe.

The earliest germ of capitalism in China appeared in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when there were phenomena such as employment relations, small workshops, and so on.

The main reasons why it did not change the nature of China's feudal society were:

1, in itself, the strength is relatively weak. At that time, the germination of capitalism mainly appeared in the handicraft industry, concentrated in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and was small in scale. Compared with the socio-economic status of the feudal landlords, their power was minimal.

2. The external environment was strong, at that time China was in the heyday of wind construction, and the political and economic foundation of the feudal landlord class was quite perfect. At that time, China was the largest country in the world and the richest country.

3. Lack of capitalist ideas, unlike the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance in Europe. Confucianism was still prevalent in China at that time, which ideologically constrained people from continuing to promote the development of capitalism.

Most scholars of Chinese history admit that there were germs of capitalism in ancient Chinese society. However, there are different views on when the sprout will occur. Some people believe that the sprout of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period has already emerged, such as the large industrial and commercial owners Zigong, Xiangao, Fan Li, Bai Gui, Lü Buwei, etc., all have tens of thousands of family wealth, and their labor force is as many as 10,000 people, including many wage laborers, that is, the so-called "hands and eaters".

Some people believe that the Tang Dynasty was prosperous in industry and commerce, and overseas was developed, and a number of huge wealthy people appeared. Chang'an Zou Fengchi, Yangzhou Wang's fourth uncle, Luoyang Wang Qing, are all rich and rich, rich in the world. The composition of the businesses that run for them is complex, but there must also be wage labourers among them.

Some people believe that China's economic development during the Song and Song dynasties reached a new level. In agriculture, the area of cash crops has expanded, and a number of specialized households have emerged that specialize in the cultivation of cash crops such as cotton, sugarcane, and tea. In the city, handicraft industry and commerce flourished, and the fang market system that had been practiced for thousands of years was broken.

Ideologically, the traditional concept of "emphasizing the foundation and suppressing the end" has been impacted, and the consciousness of "agriculture and commerce are all the foundation" of Chen Liang and others has broken ground. In many literary and artistic works such as scripts that focus on city citizens as their audience and readership, businessmen have appeared as a positive image of honesty and trustworthiness. For example, the oil seller in "The Oil Seller Monopolizes the Oiran" is a positive image that people love.

In the business activities of the handicraft industry, wage workers are not an isolated phenomenon. Quite a few scholars believe that capitalism sprouted in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and history textbooks in middle schools and universities were written in this opinion. It should be admitted that in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the historical facts of the germination of capitalism in China's economically developed areas were relatively sufficient.

For example, there are large textile workshops in the Susong and Hangjiahu areas, and most of the owners and mechanics are in an employment relationship. In the town of Foshan, Guangdong, a mining and iron-smelting workshop employing thousands of workers has appeared, and in the developed agricultural areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the planting area of cash crops has been greatly expanded compared with before, and the landlords have appeared, who have developed employment relations in agricultural production. From the middle of the Qing Dynasty to the Opium War, the germ of capitalism in China's industry, commerce and agriculture developed compared with the middle of the Ming Dynasty.

However, most scholars believe that the germ of capitalism in China's economy during the Ming and Qing dynasties cannot be overestimated, and that it was only a few isolated islands in the vast sea of feudal economy, and its existence and development could hardly shake China's feudal economic and political system.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the emergence of wage laborers in the handicraft industry in Jiangnan marked the germ of capitalism!

After the Westernization Movement, national capitalism developed to a peak!