Why did the germ of capitalism begin in Europe?

Renaissance: The most fundamental reason is religious oppression, which restricts literature, art and thought, and the bourgeoisie needs to resist, so there is a revival, and a very thick humanistic environment is needed. In the 14th and 16th centuries, the only country in Asia with sufficient cultural heritage should be China, but at that time, it was the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and the whole country was a imperial examination system, and it was necessary to learn Confucianism in order to enter the official career, and it did not restrict the people from learning other ideas.

And the Americas, it is a pity that at that time the Americas should still be the Mayan civilization, coinciding with the slave society, it was the Spanish gunboats that brought them civilization and aggression, and they were still in the era of survival by hunting, and it was really impossible for literature and art to appear.

The conditions for the germination of capitalism are the capitalist economy with a certain foundation, and China and Japan in Asia have a high degree of centralization, which restricts the development of the capitalist economy, so the germination of capitalism is with"Renaissance"Europe was chosen.

The germination of capitalism in the East and the West was largely synchronized, and as far as the West was concerned, Italy, which was born first, remained one of the most backward countries in Europe.

It cannot be said that capitalism was born in Europe, but that capitalism has flourished more than Europe.

It is recommended to read Max Weber's "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism", only Protestant countries can first become modern capitalist powers, while Catholicism and other religious countries have been relatively backward for a long time. Even now, the development of the predominantly Protestant Britain and the United States is smoother than that of Catholic countries such as France and Italy.

There may be a peculiarity of Europeans, perhaps providence, that happens to be in Europe, and I don't think there is any need to study them carefully. ^_

Everything is due to the development of the productive forces, and Europe is ahead of the world.

Kill me. Are you a historian?

And look at the situation in Europe at the same time. Capitalist relations of production have their origins in feudal society. The disintegration of the feudal social and economic structure unleashed elements of capitalism.

In the 14th and 15th centuries, capitalist relations of production sprouted sparsely in some cities on the Mediterranean coast, such as Venice, but the capitalist era did not begin until the 16th century. At the end of feudal society, the development of the commodity economy promoted the disintegration of the natural economy of feudal society, resulting in the polarization of small commodity producers. This differentiation is accelerated by the primitive accumulation of capital.

The basic conditions for the emergence of the capitalist mode of production are as follows: on the one hand, a large number of proletarians have lost their means of production and have to sell their labor power; On the other hand, a large amount of money and means of production are concentrated in the hands of a few people, which are transformed into capital. The so-called primitive accumulation of capital is the historical process of forcibly separating the laborers from the means of production, and the expropriation of the peasants' land is the basis of the whole process.

There are two modes of production: one is the differentiation of the small commodity economy; The other was converted from merchants and usurers. The self-sufficient natural economy was destroyed, and a large number of peasants and craftsmen went bankrupt, thus providing capitalism with free labor and a market for goods.

The history of the dispossession of peasants and craftsmen has different characteristics and has gone through different stages in different countries. The transformation of labor power into commodities and the transformation of the means of production into capital marks the transition from simple commodity production to capitalist production, as well as the transformation of the form of exploitation of laborers, that is, from feudal exploitation to capitalist exploitation. The primitive accumulation of capital also included the occupation and plundering of colonies and other violent means of using state power.

In 1588, the seven provinces united and proclaimed the Dutch Republic. This is a country unprecedented in the history of mankind. Many historians say that it was the first in the world"Full political rights were given to the merchant class"countries.

Founded in 1602 during the Dutch Empire, the Amsterdam Exchange is the oldest exchange in the world. It is located near the Nedum Platz in Amsterdam. The capitalist mode of production contradicts the feudal system of local privileges, hierarchies and personal dependencies.

With the development of capitalism, the economic and political power of the bourgeoisie grew, which prepared the conditions for a bourgeois revolution in various countries.

The bourgeois revolutions that broke out in the Netherlands at the end of the 16th century, in England in the mid-17th century, in France at the end of the 18th century, in Germany and in some other countries in the mid-19th century, changed the feudal system and thus cleared the way for the capitalist mode of production to replace the feudal mode of production. The capitalist economy was finally established after the Industrial Revolution and the transition from workshops and handicrafts to machine industry. The great geographical discoveries at the end of the 15th century and the subsequent colonial expansion expanded the sales market many times over, accelerating the transformation of handicrafts into workshop crafts.

Due to the division of labor in the workshops, capitalist handicrafts have greatly increased labor productivity compared with the handicrafts of simple cooperation in the early days of capitalism.

The germ of capitalism in Europe probably appeared in the 14th century, when the germ of capitalism in Europe developed relatively slowly, mainly from the agricultural handicraft industry and the commodity economy.

The germ of capitalism in Europe appeared in Florence, Italy, in the fourteenth century.

The general specific time is between the 15th and 16th centuries, when some agricultural handicrafts appeared in Europe, commodities developed further, and capitalism began to sprout.

At the end of the 15th century, because at this time they had more goods, there were more **, and there were some contradictions between politics and economy, so there were some germs of capitalism.

Capitalism originated in the Renaissance movement, and the technological progress of production, the development of handicrafts, and the rapid economic development gave birth to capitalism.

At the end of the 15th century, because of this time, he was more competitive in commodities and commerce, and there were some contradictions between politics and economics, as Xu said, there were some sprouts of capitalism.

Capitalism sprouted in the 14th and 15th centuries. It was in the cities of the Mediterranean coast of Europe that the first germs of capitalism appeared. With the emergence of wage labor factories, the European Renaissance broke through the shackles of religious theology and prepared the way for the emergence of capitalism in Europe.

Introduction to Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic system in which capital belongs to individuals and is based on private ownership. Private ownership is the most important content of capitalism, and it cannot be called capitalism without private ownership.

One of the main features that distinguishes capitalism from feudalism is the change in the form of the proletariat's dependence on the bourgeoisie, the degree of dependence is weakened, and the proletariat does not own the means of production at all. The fundamental feature of capitalism is that a small number of exploiting classes control the distribution of society by controlling the means of production, allowing wealth to flow into the hands of the bourgeoisie.

Capitalism developed from feudal society. In feudal society, the landlord leased the land to the peasants for sowing, and the land was controlled by the peasants during the lease period, but they had to pay the landlord rent and other taxes regularly. Capitalism changed to agricultural workers working on the farms of agricultural capitalists, then taking the money and leaving, without controlling the land.

In capitalism, there is an employment relationship between the capitalist and the worker. There is no precise definition of what capitalism means to mean that capital dominates the economy, economy, and politics, and different economists have different definitions. Generally speaking, capitalism is an economic or economic economic system in which the vast majority of the means of production are owned by individuals and value is created by means of wage labor.

At present, the advanced capitalist countries have reached a political system that integrates government and enterprises. That is, the financial giants elect their own spokespersons through a joint way**, and the transnational economic giants can control other countries through elections, wars, etc., so as to expand their spheres of influence.

The outbreak of the bourgeois revolution in England (1640) marked the beginning of the capitalist era in human history.

In 1640, Charles I, in order to raise military funds to suppress the uprising, was forced to convene a long-closed parliament, and the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy formed an opposition, using the parliament to fight against the king, and the bourgeois revolution in England began.

Under the command of Cromwell, the royal army was routed. In 1649, Charles I was executed, England was declared a republic, and the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy took power.

In 1660, the Stuart dynasty was restored, and Charles II was proclaimed king. The bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy overthrew the restored Stuart dynasty in 1688 with the help of foreign forces.

In 1689, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights, establishing a constitutional monarchy and establishing the dominance of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy in England.

Pure manual typing, if you are annoyed, you can skip directly to the last paragraph.

Let me start with something else, as a whole, human beings are a group that constantly takes resources from nature and consumes them to meet the needs of survival. And the process of obtaining resources is production. The various systems of human society are called social relations, and the most important social relations are the relations of production, and all ideological, political, military, and other aspects are actually derived from the whole or part of human beings to obtain more resources.

We can find that with the continuous improvement of the fundamental driving force of human progress - productivity, that is, the efficiency of obtaining resources, in order to continue to progress and develop human society and meet the interests of human beings as a whole, human beings need to constantly adjust the production relations to adapt to the changes in productivity, just like the new machines in the factory, new training and new grouping of employees to adapt to production.

Capitalism is the general term for the relations of production and social relations that accompany the beginning of the productive forces to move from agricultural production to industrial production. This kind of collective name is called ideology, and there are many, many kinds of ideologies, such as socialism, and the feudal ethics program is often one of them. To put it simply, it is a theory that determines how to allocate resources among human groups with a certain amount of resource acquisition, which says that these people should be given money first, and that theory that those people should be rich first.

Just as feudal ideology favors landowners, capitalism favors the owners of capital, and socialism favors laborers (I'm talking about primitive socialism, not current socialism).

Speaking of which, you understand, the fundamental reason for the emergence of capitalism in Europe is that the local human beings have been increasing their production efficiency over time, and finally it has reached the point of upgrading, turning into a commodity society, an industrial economy, and a theory is needed to guide them forward, to get rid of the old ideology, and to prepare everyone for the arrival of industrial production (although the people who proposed capitalism certainly did not realize that they were so great at first, and this transition has also been going through a long time), Therefore, the fundamental reason is the development of social productive forces.