What is the difference between Zigong and Confucius s view of benevolence

Confucius. The relationship between benevolence and propriety is: benevolence is the body of propriety, and propriety is the use of benevolence. The two are closely integrated and inseparable. This ritual is Confucius's contribution to the previous rites (including the Zhou rites.

As Confucius said, we should "walk in the summer."

Take advantage of Yin's chariot, serve the crown of Zhou, and dance with music", to distinguish the accumulation of traditional culture, to remove evil from good, to keep the false from the true. Confucius refuted and rejected some of the previous rites that violated the basic spirit of benevolence, cursing that "the one who started the ritual has no aftermath", and strongly criticized the criminal system of using slaves as burial objects or human figurines as burial companions in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. What Confucius praised was the part of the ritual that met the standards of Confucius Ren from the lineage of Yao, Shun, and Yu to Shang and Zhou.

Under this standard, Confucius praised Yao, "Great, Yao Zhi is the king, majestic!" ”；Praise Shun and Yu, "Towering, Shun Yu has the world, but not with Yan." ”；praised "two out of three parts of the world", and Zhou, who is still "serving Yin", "can be said to be virtuous"; Praise Zhou Gong who is generous and humble.

Talent and beauty"; Praise Taber who "makes three to the world".

It can be said that it is also the most virtuous. Here, Confucius praised the continuation of customs, the simplicity of society, the simplicity of people's hearts, the stability of order, and less competition of interests, rather than the superficial shell of Zhou rites. Didn't Confucius himself say, "Liyun Liyun, jade silk cloud?"

Happy clouds, happy clouds, bells and drums? ”。In addition, Confucius's etiquette is by no means limited to regulations, systems, rituals, and customs.

Rather, Confucius started from human beings and applied simple materialism in his historical research and practical observation of the social culture, politics, ethics and morality, and natural sciences of the time.

Some naïve philosophical laws derived from discerning thinking and their basic application. Confucius's etiquette, focusing on small things, can be regarded as a collection of personal behavioral norms and social norms, Daren, is the harmonious realm of personal development and social progress; The understanding of the great and generalized is that rites are the basic laws of philosophy, and Daren is to understand the laws, master the laws, realize the leap from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom, and finally realize the ideal realm of "the unity of heaven and man", that is, the ideal realm of "one day of self-denial and retribution, and the world will return to benevolence" as envisioned by Confucius.

Confucius Yan Yuan asked "benevolence", explaining that one of the basic slippery jujube contents of "benevolence" is the consciousness of "etiquette", that is, the realization of "etiquette" in people's thoughts, emotions and behaviors;

Confucius Zhonggong asked "benevolence", and Zigong asked "one word" that can be practiced for life, mainly from the negative aspect to explain that benevolence means comparing the heart with the heart, pushing oneself and others;

Confucius Zigong asked "benevolence", then the calendar is mainly from the positive aspect to explain that benevolence means to compare the heart with the heart, push oneself and others;

Confucius Zhonggong asked "benevolence", which means "loving others", and its connotation is consistent with what he said: "forgiveness", "loyalty and forgiveness", "do not do to others what you do not want to do to yourself", "establish others as you want, and reach people as you want".

Although Confucius's interpretation of "benevolence" is varied, there are two basic points: one is to turn "li" into one's own consciousness, and the other is to put oneself in the shoes of others, care for others, and put them into action.

Zigong's benevolence is different from Confucius's benevolence, and benevolence to bad people is actually unkindness to good people, which is the difference between Confucius and Zigong's understanding of Guanzi.

The Analects of Yang Goods

Original] Zi Zhang asked Ren to Confucius. Confucius said: "Those who can practice the five are benevolent in the world." "Excuse me. He said: "Gong, lenien, faithful, sensitive, and favorable." Respect is not insulting, leniency is to win the public, faith is a person, sensitivity is meritorious, and benefit is enough to make people. ”

Translation] Zizhang asked Confucius for benevolence. Confucius said, "To be able to practice the five virtues of cultivating relatives in each place."

It's a benevolent person. Zizhang said: "Bi Ling, please ask which five."

Confucius said, "Solemnity, generosity, honesty, diligence, and benevolence." Solemnity will not be insulted, generosity will be supported by all, honesty will be appointed by others, diligence will improve work efficiency, and kindness and blindness will be able to summon people.

Comment] Solemnity, generosity, honesty, diligence, and benevolence" are indeed human virtues, and as an individual's moral cultivation, it is naturally good to be able to possess these. But if you think that having these virtues will definitely have some kind of benefits, it is not very appropriate, and it is even very unreliable. For example, a dignified person can avoid being insulted by a dignified person, but it does not necessarily avoid being insulted by a dignified person.

A person is honest and will naturally be given priority to be appointed than a person who is not honest, but integrity is only one of the basic qualities of a person, and only honesty is far from meeting the requirements of being appointed, and the main factor of being appointed is still talent. As for being benevolent, it is originally the duty of human beings, and if it is for the convenience of calling people to deliberately be benevolent, then it will inevitably lose the original intention of benevolence.

Zigong asked, "Guan Zhong can't be regarded as a benevolent person, right?" Duke Huan killed Gongzi Jiao, he couldn't die for Gongzi Jiao, but became the prime minister of Duke Qi Huan.

1. Original text: Spring and Autumn Confucius, "Analects and Constitutional Questions".

Zigong said: "What is the case with the non-benevolent ones? Huan Gong killed Gongzi and couldn't die, and he was the same.

Zi said: "Guan Zhong Xianghuan, dominate the princes, and the world is a Kuang world, and the people are given by it now." Microtubule Zhong, I was sent to the left.

If the husband and the woman are forgiven, they will not know it through the ditch. ”

2. Translation: Zigong asked: "Guan Zhong can't be regarded as a benevolent person, right?"

Duke Huan killed Gongzi Jiao, he couldn't die for Gongzi Jiao, but became the prime minister of Duke Qi Huan. Confucius said: "Guan Zhong assisted Duke Huan, dominated the princes, and straightened the world, and the common people still enjoy his benefits to this day."

If it weren't for Guan Zhong, I'm afraid we would have to wear our hair loose and open our clothes to the left. How can you abide by the rules like ordinary people and commit suicide in a small ravine, and no one knows. ”