What are the four major biomolecules not included? What are the connections between the four major c

BiomacromoleculesCompared with bioorganic compounds with low relative molecular weight, organic compounds with high relative molecular weight have a higher group of substances. They are multimolecular systems formed by polymerization of organic compounds with low relative molecular weights. Most biological macromolecules are polymerized by simple compositional structures, with amino acids and nucleotides ...... the constituent units of proteinsAmino acids, fatty acids, etc., are called biological monomolecules, which are substances that are closely related to life, and they are the basic substances that make up macromolecules.

In terms of chemical structure, proteins are formed by dehydration and condensation of -L-amino acids, nucleic acids are formed by dehydration and condensation of purines and pyrimidine bases with sugar D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid, and polysaccharides are formed by dehydration and condensation of monosaccharides. It can be seen that the chemical reaction from a bioorganic compound with a low relative molecular weight to a bioorganic compound with a high relative molecular weight is a dehydration condensation reaction. It refers to various organic molecules with molecular weights of tens of thousands or more as the main active ingredients in living organisms.

Bio-organic compounds (biomacromolecules) with high relative molecular weight mainly refer to proteins, nucleic acids, and hydrocarbons with high relative molecular weight. Common biological macromolecules include proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. This definition is only conceptual, and in opposition to biological macromolecules are small molecule substances (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) and inorganic substances.

Including nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, fats.

Biological macromolecules: fats, sugars, proteins, dust nucleic acids.

1. The link between carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism.

Sugar is converted into fat: dihydroxyacetone phosphate produced by glycolysis is reduced to form glycerol, pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated to form acetyl co-A, which is the raw material for fatty acid synthesis, and glycerol and fatty acids synthesize fat.

Fat to sugar: Glycerol and fatty acids produced by lipolysis can be converted into sugar along different pathways.

2. The connection between carbohydrate metabolism and protein metabolism.

Sugars and proteins can be converted into each other in the body. Almost all of the naturally occurring amino acids that make up proteins can be deaminotated to form nitrogen-free moieties that are converted into sugars.

The intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism can form non-essential amino acids through amino acid conversion. Note: Essential amino acids cannot be formed in the body through aminoconversion.

3. The connection between protein metabolism and lipid metabolism.

In general, fats in animals cannot be converted into amino acids, but they can be converted in some phytosanitary notices and microorganisms; Some amino acids can be converted into glycerol and fatty acids in different ways, which in turn can be used to synthesize fats.

4. The metabolism of sugars, proteins and lipids restricts each other.

Sugars can be converted into fat in large quantities, but fats cannot be converted into sugars in large quantities. Only when there is a disorder in carbohydrate metabolism is it fueled by fat and protein, and when both sugar and fat intake are insufficient, the breakdown of protein increases.

Biological macromolecules include: proteins, nucleic acids, and hydrocarbons with high relative molecular weight.

Biological macromolecules refer to macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides that exist in the cells of living organisms. Each biological macromolecule has thousands to hundreds of thousands of atoms in it, and the molecular weight ranges from tens of thousands to millions or more. The structure of biological macromolecules is complex, but its basic building blocks are not.

Protein molecules are long chains of amino acid molecules arranged in a certain order. Amino acid molecules are the constituent materials of most living substances, and there are dozens of different amino acid molecules.

Research results of biological macromolecules

1. Early research results

Since the thirties of the 19th century, when the cell theory was established, some people have already studied proteins. The naming of proteins began in 1836, when the famous Swedish chemist J Berzelius and the Dutch chemist G J Mulder, who was working on egg protein compounds, proposed to name such compounds with "protein". With the gradual deepening of research, scientists have figured out that protein is the main component of muscle, blood, hair, etc., and has many functions.

2. Discovery of nucleic acids

Nucleic acids were discovered much later than proteins. In 1868, 24-year-old Swiss chemist F Miescher, who was working in Germany, extracted what was then called "nucleoplasm" from the pus cells of a patient's wound. This was the earliest discovery of nucleic acids that would later be recognized.

Later, Kssel and his two students, W Jones and P A Levene, clarified the basic chemical structure of nucleic acids, confirming that nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of many nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of bases, ribose sugars, and phosphoric acid.

3. Elucidation of restalin

The elucidation of enzymes began in 1897 when the German chemist E Buchner extracted the brewing enzyme from ground yeast cells that could ferment alcohol. Bushner's research has shown that enzymes extracted from living bodies can work just as well as they do in living bodies. It not only struck a blow to the vitalism that was popular at the time, but also brought the study of biochemistry to the stage of understanding the chemical changes in cells.

Later, British biochemist A Harden and others did a lot of research on the specific chemical steps of alcoholic fermentation.

a. Nucleic acids are macromolecular substances formed by the polymerization of nucleotides, a correct;

B. Nucleotides are small molecule compounds that make up nucleic acids, not macromolecular substances, B is wrong;

c. Protein is a macromolecular substance formed by the polymerization of amino acids, c is correct;

d. Cellulose is a macromolecular substance formed by the polymerization of glucose

a. Nucleotides and amino rotten acids are monomers, not biological macromolecules, and a is wrong;

b. Glucose is a monomer, not a biological macromolecule, and B is wrong and repentant;

c. Amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids are all monomers, not macromolecules, and C is wrong;

d. Proteins, nucleic acids, and fats are polymer compounds formed from amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and glycerol, respectively

Therefore, d