Biological protocols, biological protocols

Using red rose petals as experimental materials, they were divided into two groups, one group was placed in clean water and the other group was placed in HCl solution, the petals placed in water did not fade and the water did not turn red, while the petals placed in HCl solution gradually faded red, and the solution gradually turned red.

I've seen this question, and it's definitely not a test of your seed hybridization, it's a test of asexual reproduction.

Use the stem of the pumpkin as a rootstock and draw one with a blade on it.

T-shaped incision (peel off the phloem at the incision), select a leaf bud of a section of the thick stem such as the watermelon stem and the pumpkin stem and insert it into the incision, and then use a cord to bandage the 'wound', wrap it several times on the rootstock, and the tightness is appropriate, not too tight.

This method is called grafting. Watermelon is propagated by using the water and inorganic salt ions absorbed by the pumpkin root system, as well as relying on the pumpkin's well-developed root system and not easy to rot roots.

The experimental steps for <> biology are as follows:

1.According to the experimental topic, the purpose of the experiment is clarified, and the experimental principle is analyzed and determined.

First of all, it is necessary to clarify what kind of experiment to do, what problems need to be solved, and then what kind of experimental principle you want to base on.

It should be noted that the experimental principles used must be proper, reasonable, and accurate.

2.According to the experimental principle, the experimental object is determined.

Even the selection of appropriate experimental materials is also a key to the success of the experiment.

3.Formulate hypotheses.

According to the experimental topic, a preliminary hypothesis is proposed, and a detectable hypothesis is proposed for the visible phenomenon.

4.Make experimental anticipations.

Before testing experimental hypotheses, the expected results of the experiment are presented. If the expected outcome is achieved, the hypothesis is true; Otherwise, the assumption is not valid.

5.Design experiments.

According to the purpose of the experiment and the hypothesis proposed, determine the basic idea of the experiment, determine the selection of materials, equipment and experimental control, etc., and design the specific methods and steps of the experiment, and operate according to the designed scheme.

6.Observe and record experimental phenomena and collect data to objectively observe and record experimental phenomena, obtain experimental results, and present the experimental results in a certain way.

7.Analyze and draw conclusions.

The recorded experimental phenomena and results are sorted out and analyzed, and general generalized judgments are summarized, and concise summaries are made in the form of words, **, and drawings.

8.Deduction. Draw conclusions based on reasoning based on experimental facts.

9.Communicate, write an experiment report.

Microbial experiment design is one of the indispensable links in scientific research. In the process of experiment, it is necessary to fully consider the purpose of the experiment, the selection of raw materials, the experimental process and other factors, and strictly abide by the experimental operation procedures to ensure the accuracy and credibility of the experimental results. This article will introduce the relevant knowledge of microbial experimental design scheme from the aspects of experimental purpose, experimental process, and analysis of experimental results, for readers' reference.

Purpose of the experiment The primary purpose of the microbial experimental design program is to select the appropriate microbial species according to the research purpose, so as to study their growth, metabolism, pathogenesis and other aspects. The specific objectives of the experiment are as follows:

1.Research and reform to study the growth characteristics of microorganisms.

Through the observation and analysis of the growth of microorganisms under different environmental conditions, the basic growth characteristics parameters such as growth rate, optimal growth temperature, optimal pH, and optimal oxygen concentration of the microbial species were obtained.

2.Study the metabolic properties of microorganisms.

Through the analysis of metabolites in microorganisms, the metabolic pathways of microorganisms are studied, and the differences in metabolic pathways of microorganisms are studied to further understand the biochemical basis of microorganisms.

3.Study the pathogenic mechanism of microorganisms.

Through relevant experiments on pathogenic microorganisms, the interaction between microorganisms and host cells is analyzed, and the pathogenic mechanism of microorganisms is deeply understood, so as to provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control.

Experimental Procedure The experimental process of microbial experimental design scheme generally includes the following steps:

1.Preparation of raw materials.

Select high-quality bacterial strains, and prepare the required media, reagents and other experimental raw materials.

2.Cultivating microorganisms.

According to the purpose of the experiment, the appropriate medium is prepared to culture and vegetatively reproduce the microorganisms to ensure the amount of microorganisms required for the experiment.

3.Experimental manipulation.

According to the experimental design, operate each step accurately, master the experimental operation skills, and strictly abide by the experimental procedures.

4.Results are observed and recorded.

Detailed recording and statistical analysis of the experimental results were carried out, and experimental reports were prepared to obtain scientific and reliable experimental conclusions.

Analysis of experimental results.

The analysis of experimental results of the microbial experimental design scheme includes data processing, result statistics, and result interpretation. In the process of analyzing the experimental results, it is necessary to pay attention to the accurate interpretation of the experimental results, abandon subjective assumptions and one-sided speculation, and conduct scientific and objective analysis and evaluation of the experimental conclusions.

Conclusion: This article focuses on the relevant knowledge of microbial experimental design, including the purpose of the experiment, the experimental process, and the analysis of the experimental results. The microbial experimental design scheme is an important scientific research work, which provides useful guidance and help for scientific researchers by strictly abiding by the experimental procedures and in-depth study of the growth, metabolism and pathogenic mechanism of microorganisms.

Commonly used biological research methods include observational and experimental methods

1. Observation method is a basic method of science. Observation method is a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to perceive, investigate and describe objective things in a natural state in accordance with a certain purpose and plan, so as to discover and verify scientific conclusions.

2. The experimental method is the main method of biological research, which is a method of imitating bright burial by using specific instruments and materials to record and analyze, discover or verify scientific conclusions through purposeful and step-by-step experimental operation and observation. Experimental steps: find and raise problems, collect information related to problems, make hypotheses, design experimental plans, implement experiments and record, analyze real key intelligence phenomena, and draw conclusions.

Observe the flow of blood within the tail fin of a small fish

Material utensils: live small fish with little caudal fin pigment, microscope, petri dish, dropper, cotton wool (gauze).

Method steps: 1. Take a small live fish with little pigment in the tail fin, and wrap the gill cover and trunk of the head of the small goldfish with soaked cotton wool to expose the mouth.

and tail. Note: To control the beating of small goldfish, it is best to wrap soaked cotton wool around the gill cover and trunk of the head of the small fish all the way to the tail.

Fins, exposing only the mouth and caudal fins.

2. Place the small goldfish in a petri dish so that the tail fin is flat on the petri dish.

Note: Small fish will bounce in the Petri dish, and the slide should be covered on the caudal fin after the fish have settled.

3. Place the petri dish on the stage and observe the flow of blood in the caudal fin vessel with a low-powered microscope.

Note: It is best to use a low magnification lens when observing. This is because when viewed with a low magnification, the field of view is brighter, although the image is smaller.

4. Find the blood vessel with the smallest diameter and pay attention to the flow of blood in this blood vessel.

5. Pay attention to what blood vessels branch from the smallest diameter and what blood vessels it eventually joins.

Note: 1) During the observation process, a dropper should be used to drip water on the cotton wool (too much dripping water will affect the observation), so that the gills of the fish are always moist and the small fish are less harmed as much as possible. If the time is too long, you can put the small fish back in the tank and take another small fish to observe.

After the experiment, the small fish are returned to the fish tank.

2) When observing the blood flow in the tail fin of the small fish with a microscope in winter, the small goldfish should be placed on the left 30 before the experiment.

Soak in warm water right for 2-3 minutes to accelerate its metabolism and make the blood flow noticeable.

There are six steps:

1.Ask questions.

2.Make assumptions.

3.Make a plan.

4.Implementation plan.

5.Draw conclusions.

6.Expressive communication.

Commonly used biological research methods include observational and experimental methods

1) Observation method is a basic method of science Observation method is in a natural state, according to a certain purpose and plan, the researcher uses his own senses plus auxiliary tools to systematically perceive, investigate and describe objective things, so as to discover and verify scientific conclusions

2) Experimental method is the main method of biological research It is to use specific instruments and materials to discover or verify scientific conclusions through purposeful and step-by-step experimental operations and observation, recording and analysis General steps: discovering and asking questions; gather information related to the issue; Make assumptions. design of experimental protocols; Conduct experiments and record them; analysis of experimental phenomena; Draw conclusions.

The Scientific Method of Mendelian Genetic Experiments:

1.Ask questions.

2.Make assumptions.

3.Design experiments.

4.Conduct experiments.

5.Draw conclusions.

There can be many biological protocols that are not limited to one or the other, common examples:

1. Ask questions.

2. Make assumptions.

3. Design experiments.

4. Conduct tests.

5. Draw conclusions.

Ask questions, make assumptions, set plans, implement plans, draw conclusions, and communicate ideas.

Ask questions.

Make assumptions. Design experiments.

Conduct experiments. Draw conclusions.