How proto oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis

Tumor cells. There are oncogenes that are dominant in normal cells, and there are normal genes that are homologous to them, which are called proto-oncogenes.

Proto-oncogenes are intracellular and cell proliferate.

The related genes are necessary to maintain the normal life activities of the body, and they are highly conservative in evolution. When the structure or regulatory region of the proto-oncogene is mutated, the gene product is increased or the activity is enhanced, the cell is overproliferated, resulting in the formation of tumors.

Most of the proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes are components of complex cell signaling networks and play an important role in signal transduction pathways.

Tumor suppressor genes. Also known as anti-cancer genes, genes are genes present in normal cells, which have the effect of inhibiting cell proliferation when activated, but can weaken or even eliminate the tumor suppression effect after being suppressed or lost under certain circumstances. Normally, they play an important role in the regulation of cell development, growth, and differentiation.

The products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibiting cell proliferation, promoting cell differentiation, and inhibiting cell migration, so they play a negative regulatory role.

Proto-oncogenes are mostly cell transcription factors and cell cycle factors, which regulate cell proliferation through the regulation of their expression and the positive and negative feedback between cell signaling networks, while mutations in proto-oncogenes lead to the expression of tumor suppressor genes and guide the promotion of apoptosis and promote apoptosis. Both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are expressed in normal cells, and the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis is maintained through the mutual regulation of the two.

Proto-oncogenes (cellular oncogenes) are oncogenes that are present in the genome of normal cells in organisms.

Tumor suppressor genes, also known as tumor suppressor genes, or commonly known as anti-cancer genes, are a class of genes present in normal cells that inhibit cell growth and have potential tumor suppressor effects.

Both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes play an important role in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. The two restricts each other to maintain the relative stability of positive and negative regulatory signals.

Not necessarily, when a proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene, the cell transforms and causes the cell to become cancerous. However, tumor suppressor genes do not act on the proliferation and transformation of cells, but to ensure the normal metabolism of cells.

Not necessarily, proto-oncogenes refer to a class of genes that can make cells cancerous, not a single gene.

Both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are present in cells.

Both are genes present in every cell, and together they control the metabolic cycle of the cell and prevent the cell from multiplying and becoming cancerous.

Proto-oncogenes regulate the cell cycle.

Tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell differentiation.