What is the manifestation of the deepening of Athenian democracy?

1) Sovereignty rests with the people. Athens was a direct democracy, in which all citizens could participate in a citizens' assembly and hold public office by drawing lots or taking turns.

2) Restraint of the authorities. The Council of 500, the jury court, the Committee of the Ten Generals, and other organs of power were subject to the Citizens' Assembly. There is also the Shell Banishment Law, which is a constraint on political leaders who want to be autocratic.

3) The supremacy of the law. Laws are enacted by the citizens' assembly, everyone is equal, and those in power are administered according to law.

4) Civic consciousness, the ancient Greeks were concerned with the political life of the city-state, and one of the basic propositions of Aristotle's political thought is:"Man is a political animal by nature".

1) the implementation of direct democracy, i.e., the political sovereignty of the Athenian polis belongs to its citizens, and the citizens directly participate in the governance of the city-state;

2) The official system implements voluntary duties and a "unity system";

3) The supervision system is perfect and developed.

Athenian democracy, also known as Athenian democracy, was a system of democracy developed in the Greek city-state of Athens (including the central city-state of Athens and its surrounding region of Attica) in 508 BC. As a result, Athens became one of the first democracies. While other Greek city-states had a variety of democracies, most of which were modeled after Athens, none of them were as strong, stable, and well-defined as the Athenian democracies.

Athenian democracy can be seen as an experiment in direct democracy, because voters did not elect popular representatives, but directly participated in voting on legislative and executive bills.

Athenian democracy is a citizen-led form of local self-government, but it is still very different from modern democracy. First, the right to participate in the Athenian democracy was not based on the fact that the women and slaves of Attica did not have full rights as in modern times; Secondly, the imperfection of the system leads to a very low efficiency. It is impossible to ignore the fact that politicians often slander each other through speeches for the sake of fame and fortune, and that the public opinion of voters is affected by the political satire drama staged in the theater.

However, since the division of participation was independent of economic class, the degree of voter participation in the Athenian democracy was already very high for that time. This system made an important contribution to the development of Greek civilization.

Causes and conditions for the formation of Athenian democracy:

Geography: Relatively isolated valley and island topography, facing the sea.

Economic factors: the formation of commodity production, overseas ** based on the coexistence of a variety of economic forms (maritime civilization).

Social factors: the formation of a certain number of civilian classes.

Political factors: the civilization of slavery, the establishment of the city-state system, and the replacement of the monarchy by aristocracy; The struggle of the commoners against the aristocracy.

Ideological factors: the advanced ideas of the ancient Greek philosophers, the achievements of civilization absorbed by overseas colonization, and the sense of collectivity, equality, relative independence and freedom formed in the maritime civilization.

Personal factors: the agitation and reform of Greek thinkers, politicians.

1. Natural conditions: mountainous, islandy, barren, surrounded by the sea.

2. Economic conditions: agriculture is underdeveloped, handicraft industry and commerce are developed, and the navigation industry is prosperous.

3. Political conditions: small countries and widows, and each state has been independent and self-controlled for a long time.

4. Subjective conditions: the product of continuous innovation with the efforts of Athenian scholars.

5. Ideological conditions: the advanced ideas of the ancient Greek philosophers.

6. Foreign exchanges: the achievements of civilization absorbed by overseas colonization.

7. Material conditions: hard work has created a rich material foundation, and the decisive factor is political conditions.

Small countries and widows, cities and states, and ocean-based economies are conducive to the development of direct people.

Limitations: 1. It is still few.

The rights of the citizens are democratic, and the Gentiles, women, slaves, and people with criminal records have no democratic power.2 Relying on property to divide the hierarchy, this will inevitably favor certain classes, such as merchants, nobles.3 Representatives are determined by lot, which means that the cultural level of these people is uneven.4 It can only be practiced in the city-state, as long as the number is large and the geographical area is large, it cannot be practiced, because it is a direct democracy.

5. Just voting is sometimes unfair, such as the pottery banishment law, if you are exiled just because the majority voted that you are guilty, this is obviously not necessarily fair.

Insight: The construction of a democratic system should be carried out according to the national conditions. The various branches of power should be independent, check each other, and assist each other.

Causes:

1. Geographical factors.

The maritime natural geographical conditions of Greece indirectly influenced the establishment of democratic politics in ancient Greek city-states from various aspects, such as the formation of the situation of small countries and widows, the development of navigation and overseas, and the formation of citizens' adventurous spirit.

2. Economic development.

The development of navigation and overseas ** promoted the rapid development of industry and commerce, and the rise of the industrial and commercial slave owner class.

3. Political demands.

Fourth, institutional guarantees.

After successive reforms such as Shuttle, Cristiny, and Perikles, the democratic system was gradually improved.

Limitations: Adult male citizens "can only participate in the citizens' assembly, which is essentially the democracy of the slave-owning aristocracy;

Direct democracy, which is too widespread, is a hidden danger of political corruption and social unrest;

The Athenian democracy was a small country with a small population that would not be able to accommodate further economic development.

InsightsThe ancient Greek democracy, represented by Athens, represents the highest achievement of Greek classical civilization and has an important historical role. It has long been a relatively stable environment for peaceful development; Attaching importance to the individual freedom and sense of responsibility of citizens has created the national character of the Greeks who are thirsty for knowledge and willing to be the best; Promote the overall prosperity of Athens, make ancient Athens make brilliant achievements in many cultural fields, and produce a large number of cultural giants; The theory and practice of its democratic form of government provided the ideological basis for the later European and American bourgeoisie. Ancient Greek culture is a wonderful flower in the treasure house of Western and world civilization, and has become the cradle of modern Western culture.

The ancient Greek region was surrounded by the sea and was mountainous, resulting in the dispersion of people and the formation of a city-state.

The communication between the various city-states is becoming more and more close, and the economic development of each city-state is increasingly promoted by the mutual increase of power.

With the development of the economy, the people in the city-state began to pursue political interests other than economic interests, forced by people's political needs, and gradually appeared voting system, pottery banishment law and other group decisions, electing leaders, or banishing, and punishment of sinners.

Under the construction of Pericles, Cleisthenes, etc., the ancient Greek democracy was increasingly perfected, and the Athenian democracy was gradually improved.

1 just"Adult male citizens of the country"The vast majority of women, young and old, Gentiles and slaves and other unfree people were brutally excluded and had very strong limitations.

It is also recommended that you turn to your textbooks. It's all in the textbooks.

Specifically: 1Democracy is conducive to sound decision-making 2

Democracy is good for correcting mistakes 3Democracy is conducive to supervision** serving the public and reducing the possibility of abusing power for personal gain 4Democracy is conducive to promoting the broad and in-depth development of culture But Athenian democracy also has its historical limitations: it is a democracy within the citizens of the city-state, and only adult male citizens really enjoy rights.

While it played a positive role in promoting the political, economic, and cultural prosperity of Athens, it also brutally suffocated and limited the ability of another part of society to develop itself. It is both a catalyst for great civilizations and a violent machine for social injustice, which is its greatest historical limitation.

Licory.

The main elements of the Athenian democracy were established:

All power in the State belongs to all citizens, and the main organs of democratic politics are the Citizens' Assembly, the Council of 500 and the Jury Court.

The citizens' assembly is the country's high-ranking organ of power, and all major national affairs, such as internal affairs, foreign affairs, war, peace, and important appointments and dismissals, are decided by the citizens' assembly.

The highest permanent administrative organ of the state is the Council of 500 members, which is responsible for handling the affairs of the permanent government and convening the citizens' assembly.

The jury court is the highest judicial and supervisory organ of the State and has the final authority to approve the resolutions of the citizens' assembly.

With the exception of the Ten Generals, all official positions in the state are open to citizens of all ranks, and the state ** is elected. Public employees at all levels implement the "public service allowance system".

Athenian Democratic Political Background:

1) The old clan aristocracy practiced arbitrary rule.

2) The new business class is very unhappy with this.

3) The common people are even more miserable, many people have become debt slaves, and social contradictions are acute.

Basic features of Athenian democracy:

Popular sovereignty. The power of state administration in Athens was in the hands of all citizens. All citizens have the right to participate, the right to know, the right to speak, the right to vote and the right to be elected.

The composition and functioning principles of the citizens' assemblies, the 500-member council, the jury courts, and other military and administrative organs are all fully embodied in this characteristic.

Take turns. All public officials are subject to a tenure system. All citizens take turns ruling and being ruled.

Everyone is equal among citizens, and everyone has the right to participate in politics. One rules over others and is ruled by others. Operationally, the election of State officials is decided by drawing lots.

This is the best embodiment of the principle of taking turns to rule.

The process of the establishment of Athenian democracy:

At the beginning of the 6th century BC, Solon reformed in Athens. He divided citizens into four classes according to the amount of property, and the more property he had, the higher the rank and the greater the power; The Citizens' Assembly became the highest organ of power, and citizens of all levels could participate; Establish a council of 400 people, and the top three levels of citizens can be elected; the establishment of civil jury courts; Abolition of debt slavery, etc. laid the foundations for Athenian democracy;

At the end of the 6th century B.C., Christine reformed.

The democratic system refers to the fact that all the systems and programs are regulated, and the relevant systems are implemented in an open, fair and fair manner, and democracy represents the interests and rights of the majority of the people.

The essence of the Athenian democratic political system was to safeguard the interests of the slave-owning aristocracy.

The essence of Athenian democracy was generally determined by its development and construction.

(1) The basic characteristics of the Athenian democracy were the sovereignty of the people and the rule of turns.

2) The citizens' assembly, the council of 500 and the people's tribunal are the full embodiment of the characteristics of democratic politics.

3) The Citizens' Assembly is the highest organ of power, responsible for deliberating and deciding on all matters of state. All legal citizens have the right to participate, to be informed, to be heard, to vote and to be elected. The most important procedure of a citizens' assembly is the debate on a bill.

Eloquent oratory depends on a wealth of learning, and vigorous debate promotes the admiration of knowledge and the development of oratory.

4) The Council of 500 is a subsidiary body of the Citizens' Assembly, responsible for preparing proposals for the Assembly and presiding over the Assembly, during the break of the Citizens' Assembly, the Council is the representative of the highest power of the Assembly, responsible for supervising the implementation of the decisions of the Congress.

5) The people's court is a daily judicial organ, and the qualification of senior public officials is also the final trial of the people's court.

6) The character of the sovereignty of the Athenian people was also reflected in the numerous administrative and military institutions of small size.

The most basic feature of the Athenian democracy was the civil rights of all adult male citizens. However, women, slaves, and Gentiles did not have any civil rights.

The main features of Athenian democracy:

1.All power in the state belongs to all citizens, and the main organs of democratic politics are the citizens' assemblies, the assembly of five hundred, and the jury courts.

2.The citizens' assembly is the highest organ of power of the state, and all major national affairs such as internal affairs, foreign affairs, wars, peace, and important appointments and dismissals are discussed and decided by the citizens' assembly.

3.The permanent administrative body of the state is a meeting of 500 people, which is responsible for the day-to-day administration of government affairs and the convening of citizens' assemblies.

4.The jury court is the highest judicial and procuratorial organ of the state and has the final authority to approve the decisions of the citizens' assembly.

5.All official positions of the state are open to citizens at all levels, and the state is elected by the state, and public officials at all levels are subject to a public service allowance system.

6.All citizens are the rulers, participate in politics, collectively hold the supreme power of the state, and sovereignty rests with the people.

7.There is relative equality within the collective of citizens.

8.The supremacy of law and the restraint of power.

The sovereignty of the people is governed by turns, and the law is supreme.

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What are the characteristics of the Athenian democracy?

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Basic features of the Athenian democracy 1Basic features: popular sovereignty and rotation of popular sovereignty:

Power is not in the hands of a few, but in the hands of the many"That is, the power to govern the state of Athens was in the hands of all citizens. Turn: Yes"Take turns ruling and being ruled"The basic principle is the principle of equality, and every citizen can be a ruler or a ruled.

Manifestations of Athenian DemocracyCitizens' Assembly: (The permanent body is.)"Meeting of 400 people") is the highest authority responsible for deliberating and deciding on all major state affairs, even personal matters

Council of 500 Members: Responsible for preparing proposals for the General Assembly and presiding over the General AssemblyJury Court:

It is a daily judicial organ that follows the principle of maintaining fairness to the greatest extent and avoiding the occurrence of bribery and fraudCommittee of Ten Generals:

Elected by the citizens' assembly, they command the army and participate in politics. They take turns to command the army, and the chief general is in charge of the military and political power"Committee of Ten Generals:"The highest judicial body"Jury Court:"A permanent body of the Citizens' Assembly, which deals with day-to-day business during intersessional periods"Meeting of 500 people"The highest authority"Citizens' Assembly"