How to understand capital output 40

"Capital export" is the main means of foreign economic aggression in the advanced stage of capitalist development.

1.It refers to the monopoly capitalist empire using excess capital to invest or lend to other countries in order to obtain high profits, and it is the main way of foreign economic aggression after capitalism develops from the stage of liberal capitalism to the stage of monopoly.

2.Refers to investments and loans made abroad by a country** or individual in order to obtain high profits or interest. Capital export can be divided into private capital export and state capital export according to its different subjects.

Private capital export refers to the export of capital by individuals or groups, including private direct investment, ** investment and private export loans. The export of national capital refers to the export of capital by ** and its affiliated institutions, including gifts, loans and export credits. Whether it is the export of private capital or the export of ** capital, the basic forms of capital export can be divided into two types, namely, the export of borrowed capital and the export of productive capital.

The former refers to the provision of loans to foreign ** or private enterprises, or the purchase of foreign **, **, etc. The latter refers to the direct investment in the direct establishment of various types of enterprises abroad and engaged in production and business activities.

3.Protection of Investors' Rights and Interests in Foreign-Related Investment Law In international investment activities, a country is often both a capital exporter and a capital importer country, so foreign-related investment law must take into account the interests of both investors and recipients. It is necessary to have provisions to protect the interests of investors, and at the same time require that foreign investors must comply with the economic development goals of the host country, and their business activities must comply with the laws of the host country.

Due to the imbalance in economic development, in modern economic life, developed countries have many opportunities for capital export, and they are often called capital exporters. Developing countries are more likely to receive capital imports and are often referred to as capital importers. Although both exporting and importing countries protect investment activities, the focus of legislation is different. On the basis of safeguarding national sovereignty and economic interests, the legislation of capital-importing countries pays attention to preferential clauses for the protection of investors' interests in order to attract foreign capital, while the laws of capital-exporting countries pay attention to providing guarantees and encouraging their private investments in foreign countries.

"Capital export" is the main means of foreign economic aggression in the advanced stage of capitalist development. "Capital export" refers to the use of surplus capital by capitalist countries to invest or lend money to other countries in order to obtain high profits. Before the 70s of the 19th century, the economic aggression of the capitalist powers against China was dominated by the export of commodities, but it also began to export capital in the early days.

After the late 19th century, the Western invasion of China was mainly based on the export of capital, supplemented by the export of goods.

Personal understanding: In order to obtain high profits, it is similar to the current large multinational corporations to invest or lend money to other countries with excess capital, obtain raw material markets and commodity markets, and invest in other countries' industries to obtain profits.

The use of foreign resources to reduce the cost of commodities, and then the export of commodities, this is only the export of capital in terms of commodities

1. Different in nature: commodity export is the dumping of industrial processed products from liberal capitalist countries to the markets of colonial countries, so as to obtain high profits. The export of capital is monopoly capitalism.

The state invests or borrows money from other countries with excess capital (excess funds) in order to make high profits.

2. Different time periods: commodity exports existed in the first industrial revolution.

Between the Second Industrial Revolution, between 1840 and 1895 the Treaty of Shimonoseki

In the years leading up to the agreement, most of it was the export of goods. The period of existence of capital export was after the Second Industrial Revolution.

3. The essence is different: the export of commodities controls the markets of the colonies, the sale of industrial products processed in the country, and the economic benefits are obtained. The essence of the export of capital is imperialism.

The state exploited, enslaved the colonies and semi-colonial economic means. Use money to invest and borrow money to make a profit.

The impact of capital exports.

The export of capital has two consequences in the exporting countries: on the one hand, the export of capital has greatly increased the wealth and economic power of the exporting countries. On the other hand, the exporting countries have also produced rentier classes, and due to the large amount of capital invested in the BB, domestic investment has decreased, resulting in the stagnation and slowdown of domestic economic development.

The slow economic development of the two major capital-exporting countries, Britain and France, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is a good example of this.

The export of capital has a twofold consequence for the importing country: on the one hand, the export of capital objectively accelerates the natural economy of the importing country.

The disintegration of the country brought advanced technology and management experience, and to a certain extent alleviated the contradiction of shortage of funds, thus promoting the emergence and development of the capitalist mode of production in the importing countries and promoting economic and social progress.

On the other hand, because the purpose of capital export is to monopolize the markets of backward countries and grab super-profits.

Therefore, the export of capital will destroy and hinder the development of the local national capitalists, or put the national capital of the importing country in a subordinate position. This has led to the deformed and slow development of the economies of the backward countries, and the most fundamental consequence is to hinder the economic development and social progress of the importing countries.

The above content refers to Encyclopedia - Capital Output.

Encyclopedia - Commodity output.

Capital exportsYesCapitalist countriesInvestments and loans made abroad by capitalists in order to obtain high profits or interest. According to the type of capital exported, it is divided into loan capital export and production capital export.

According to the main body of capital export, it is divided into national capital export and private capital export. Capital is exported in liberal capitalism.

The stage has already appeared in small quantities and individually, to monopoly capitalism.

At this stage, the export of capital developed on a large scale and became one of the basic economic characteristics.

The necessity of this is mainly manifested in the emergence of large amounts of excess capital in these countries. In fact, the phenomenon of excess capital has already existed in the stage of free competition. The reason for this phenomenon:

On the one hand, it is because in the process of capital accumulation and concentration, there are more and more monetary capital that needs to find investment places.

On the other hand, because the sole purpose of capitalist production is profit, in order for capital to be invested, it must be guaranteed that it is able to "exploit labour in accordance with the degree of exploitation required for the 'healthy, normal' development of the capitalist production process".

The three basic forms of capital export are: loan capital export, production capital export, and commodity capital export. The export of borrowed capital is the loan provided by the capitalist country, banks or enterprises to the ** of other countries and private enterprises, and the export of borrowed capital can bring double benefits to the monopoly capitalists, one is to obtain interest from the loan.

The second is to obtain monopoly high profits when forcing debtor countries to buy their goods.

The export of productive capital refers to the direct investment of capitalists abroad to set up factories, mines, banks and other enterprises, also known as direct investment. Investors who export productive capital have full or partial control over the foreign firms in which they invest, and investors can obtain excess monopoly profits that are higher than those of domestic investment.

The export of commodity capital was mainly the export of physical goods to make profits, such as the opium export of Britain to the colonies.

After the Second World War, due to the internationalization of economic life and the development of state monopoly capitalism, the export of capital showed new characteristics, that is, the role of the state in the export of capital increased, direct investment, that is, the export of production capital, became increasingly important, and transnational corporations became an important tool for the export of capital. In terms of international taxation, the export of capital brings about contradictions in the distribution of tax benefits between capital-exporting countries and capital-importing countries, and the problem of international double taxation is particularly prominent, which needs to be resolved through coordination between the two sides.