Particle physics problems, particles particles particle problems of particles

1. At present, there are 12 kinds of most basic particles, including 6 kinds of quarks (upper, lower, singular, can, bottom, top), 3 charged leptons (electron, muon and taozi) and 3 neutrinos (electron neutrino, mion neutrino and tao neutrino). But that doesn't mean they're the most basic particles.

2. The electron is also one of the basic particles at present, and I don't know how it evolves, but there is indeed randomness in the decay, but the conservation of momentum and energy is still satisfied, of course, the universe is not conserved under weak interaction.

3. It is close to the speed of light, not the speed of light.

1.I don't think it's conclusive. There will always be more infinitesimal compositions.

2.The microscopic quantum world also respects the conservation of momentum. There is no rule in which direction protons, electrons, and neutrinos escape.

Neutrinos are not very well studied until now. There should still be an internal structure. It's like the answer I gave to the first question.

There will always be smaller compositions. In the past, it was thought that atoms and molecules were the smallest. The quarks that have developed to the present day are the smallest.

It should still develop.

3.Neutrinos have mass. His speed is certainly not the speed of light. Only photons are static with a mass of 0Speed, the speed of light.

Verify that neutrinos have mass because neutrinos decay. < - that is, the number of predicted neutrinos is different from the actual number of neutrinos detected.

1 The base constitutes the basic component of all material entities; It also refers to particles that have fundamental forces in quantum theory.

Strictly speaking, elementary particles are particles that can no longer be broken down into any of their constituent parts. Under this definition, there are only two elementary particles of the quark and leptonon groups. However, although protons and neutrons are made up of quarks, it is impossible for both classes of baryons to be decomposed into their quark components, because independent quarks cannot exist.

2. Wave-particle duality, electrons are waves, and this can only be explained in this way, because you should not have gone to high school, and you will understand that kinetic momentum is true in any case.

Only classical mechanics, such as Newton's three laws, do not hold.

3. Or wave-particle duality, when it's high-speed, it's not a particle, it's a light wave, you can preview the third volume of the high school textbook.

Particles, particles, particles: Particles (high-energy helium nuclei) have two elemental charges, and the electric field force is twice that of the particle (high-energy electrons), but the mass of the electron is one thousandth of a single proton neutron, so the acceleration is much greater than that of the particle, as for the particle, it is a high-energy electromagnetic wave and is not affected by the electric field force.

It must be the most affected by the magnetic field, right?

is a helium nucleus with two positive charges and is an electron with one negative charge is an electromagnetic wave and is not charged.

According to the Lorentz force qvb the maximum force is the maximum force exerted on it, so it is qvb=ma to see the specific charge (q m) of the specific charge is the maximum, so the maximum speed of acceleration is unchanged (not subjected to force).

Answer: Particles.

Particles Particles.

Analysis: Particle: Helium nucleus.

With a charge of +2e (c stands for the speed of light), an electron with a mass of 4 particles:. The electric quantity with -e has a mass of about 0 particles:

A photon with a higher frequency. Uncharged mass is basically ignored and the relevant values are listed above.

1) From Flo = BQV, it can be seen that the force of the electric field is large with a large amount of charge (2) Although the force of the particle is only half of that of the particle, the acceleration is the largest because of its small mass.

3) The particle is not charged, so it is not affected by the Lorentz force and the velocity does not change.

in physics"Smallest particles"Hole-lifting is commonly referred to as elementary particles, which cannot be split into smaller particles. For example, electronically erection brates, quarks, and photons are elementary particles.

However, even though we have found these elementary particles, there are still many other areas of study in physics. Here are some examples:

Particle interactions: The interaction between elementary particles is an important area of study in physics. For example, strong interactions, weak interactions, and electromagnetic interactions are all important components of particle physics.

Quantum mechanics and quantum field theory: These theories describe the behavior and interactions of elementary particles.

Cosmology: Physicists study the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe.

Condensed matter physics: This field studies the solid and liquid forms of matter, such as crystals, metals, and superconductors.

Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics: These fields study the collective behavior of a large number of particles.

Complex systems: Physicists study how complex behaviors can be generated from simple rules.

Experimental Physics: Physicists design and conduct experiments to test theories and discover new phenomena.

Applied Physics: Physicists apply physical principles to technical and engineering problems.

So even if we've found it"Smallest particles"There are still many other areas of study in physics.

Summary. Particles produced in proton collisions can be considered true particles. In particle physics, proton collisions can produce numerous particles, including protons, neutrons, mesons, etc.

These particles are all considered real because they have mass and charge and can be observed and measured experimentally. Proton collision experiments provide us with an important means to study the structure and interactions of elementary particles.

Particles produced in proton collisions can be treated as pure particles. In particle physics, proton collisions can produce numerous particles, including protons, neutrons, mesons, etc. These particles are considered real because they have mass and charge, and can be observed and measured experimentally.

The open-stop proton collision experiment provides us with an important means to study the structure and interaction of elementary particles.

I'm sorry I don't understand, but can you elaborate on that?

The particles produced in proton collisions are considered true particles, including protons, neutrons, and mesons. These particles have mass and charge and can be observed and measured through the experimenter's hood. The gamete collision experiment is an important means to study the structure and interaction of elementary particles.

Because the particles themselves are charged, and the charged particles have interactions, the charged particles are generally divided into positive and negative electrodes, and then because of the repulsion and attraction between the positive and negative electrodes, there is a corresponding basic force between the particles.

Because the particle is made up of the metrotons, which are the particles that provide the force, it produces the three fundamental forces through the weak force binding of the string.

Because there are gluons between the particles, and the interaction between these gluons can produce this force.

This is because particles are inherently a unit in mechanics, and they also interact with each other.

According to current theories of physics, a photon (the particle property of light) is a particle that has no corresponding antiparticle. A photon is a quantum of an electromagnetic wave, which has no charge and no mass, so there are no antiparticles. In the Standard Model, other elementary particles have antiparticles, such as electrons and positrons, protons and antiprotons, etc.

But photons, as constituent particles of light, do not have the concept of antiparticles. This means that photons can interact with themselves, for example by scattering between photons. This gives the poor manuscript photons unique properties and behaviors in some specific physical phenomena.

Photon. Expansion:

A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of electromagnetic waves. Photons carry the energy and momentum of light and are the embodiment of the particle nature of light.

Here are some of the basic characteristics and properties of photons:

Mass and charge: Photons have no rest mass and no electric charge. It belongs to the category of massless particles and hence does not possess mass at rest. Photons also do not have a positive or negative charge.

Wave-particle duality: Photons exhibit the characteristics of both particles and waves. It can interact with matter like a particle, and it can also exhibit wave phenomena such as interference and diffraction like waves.

Wave-particle duality.

Energy and frequency: The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, following the principle of energy quantization. According to Planck's formula e = hf (where e is the energy of the photon, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon), the energy of the photon is directly related to the frequency of the light wave it carries.

Propagation at the speed of light: Photons travel in a vacuum at the speed of light, which is about 299,792,458 meters per second. This makes photons one of the fastest particles in the universe.

Interaction: Photons interact with other particles through electromagnetic interactions. For example, photons can be absorbed, emitted, or scattered by matter, which explains the phenomenon of light-matter interactions.

Photons play an important role in many fields, including optics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and more. In optics, photons explain the propagation and interaction mechanisms of light hyperintensity. In quantum mechanics, the photon, as the basic unit of energy quantization, is an important part of quantum theory.

The study of photonics is of great significance for a deeper understanding of the nature of light and its development and application in communications, laser technology, optical sensing, and other fields.

The particle does not have a corresponding antiparticle which is a photon.

Analysis: The individual forms of matter below the nucleus, as well as leptons and photons, collectively referred to as particles. Historically, some particles have been called elementary particles.

All particles have the same mass, lifetime, spin, and isospin, but have different quantum numbers such as charge, baryon number, lepton, and singular number, which are called antiparticles of this kind of particle. Particles and antiparticles are two different types of particles, except for some neutral bosons.

All particles have their corresponding antiparticles, such as the antiparticle of electron e- is positron e+, the antiparticle of proton p is antiproton, the antiparticle of neutron n is antineutron, and the anti-Sigma negative hyperon discovered by the group led by Wang Ganchang in 1959 is the antiparticle of -. The antiparticle of some particles is itself. Such as photons, 0 mesons, and mesons.

Some neutral bosons, such as photons, 0 mesons, etc., have their antiparticles being themselves.

Antiparticles were first proposed by Dirac in 1928 to theoretically predict positrons, and were confirmed by Anderson's experiments in 1932. In 1956, American physicist Neville Chamberlain discovered antiprotons at the Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory. Further research found that Dirac's hole theory did not apply to the boson, and therefore could not explain all particles and antiparticles. According to quantum field theory, particles are seen as excited states of the field, and antiparticles are the complex conjugate excited states corresponding to this excited state.

Positive and antiparticles are understood from the point of view of field theory, and the excited state of the field is represented as a particle, and correspondingly, the complex conjugate excited state of the field is represented as an antiparticle. When the energy of a photon is greater than twice the static energy of a particle, positive and negative particle pairs can be generated under certain conditions. Conversely, the positive and negative particles can annihilate when they meet and produce two or three photons, following the mass-energy conservation and momentum conservation.

If all particles have corresponding antiparticles, the first thing to check is the antiparticle that should have protons and neutrons.

In 1956, American physicist Owen Cham-Berlinain and others discovered antiprotons, that is, particles with the same mass and protons, spin quantum number is also 1 2, and has a unit of negative charge. Then the antineutron was discovered. Later, it was discovered that all kinds of particles have corresponding antiparticles, and this law is universal.

The antiparticle of some particles is itself, and this kind of particle is called a pure neutral particle. The photon is a pure neutral particle, and the antiparticle of the photon is the photon itself.

In particle physics, Dirac's hole theory is no longer used to understand the relationship between positive and negative particles, but from the field theory point of view of complete symmetry of positive and negative particles.

So far, almost all antiparticles that are relatively stable relative to strong action have been discovered. If the antiparticles are combined in the same way as normal particles, they form an antiatom. Matter made up of antiatoms is antimatter.

In classical mechanics, the particle nature and wave property of objects are opposites and incompatible, while microscopic particles have both particle nature and wave nature, and their motion laws cannot be explained by classical mechanics, quantum mechanics can correctly describe the laws of microscopic particle motion In fact, any matter has wave-particle duality, but the wave nature of macroscopic particles is very weak, and it is not considered when studying motion

Limitations of Classical Mechanics:

1. From low speed to high speed - special relativity: when the speed of motion of an object is much smaller than the speed of light in a vacuum, the changes in mass, time and length are small and negligible, and classical mechanics is fully applicable. But if the speed of motion of an object can be compared to the speed of light, the mass, time, and length vary greatly, and classical mechanics is no longer applicable, and the special theory of relativity explains the laws that objects follow when moving at close to the speed of light.

2. From macrocosm to micro- quantum mechanics: Physics research has gone deep into the microscopic world and found that microscopic particles not only have the properties of particles, but also can produce interference and diffraction phenomena. Interference and diffraction are properties peculiar to waves.

That is, microscopic particles are wavering. This is something that Newton's classical mechanics could not explain. It is in this context that quantum mechanics comes into being, which is well positioned to explain the laws of motion of microscopic particles.

3. From weak gravity to strong gravity - general relativity: Astronomical observations have found that the orbits of planets are not strictly closed, and their perihelion is constantly spiraling. This phenomenon is called the orbital spiral of the planet.

This cannot be satisfactorily explained by Newton's law of universal gravitation. Einstein created the general theory of relativity, and the spiral of Mercury's perihelion calculated according to the general theory of relativity can be in good agreement with astronomical observations, Einstein's general theory of relativity is a new theory of gravity in space-time, and Einstein also predicted that light will be deflected when passing near massive stars according to the general theory of relativity, which is also confirmed by astronomical observations.