Are neutrinos really faster than the speed of light, and what is the difference between neutrinos an

Perhaps, the microwave crest in the waveguide moves faster than the speed of light.

It is still to be verified by other experimental institutions. At least scientists in Japan have previously made the observation that neutrinos are slower than the speed of light.

Neutrino. Like photons, they are electrically neutral elementary particles.

Therefore, when they propagate in space, they are not disturbed by the external magnetic field and can travel in a straight line. If a probe on Earth discovers neutrinos or photons from a distant celestial source, then the characteristics and directionality of their propagation in a straight line can determine where the source might be located.

But neutrinos have tiny resting masses, which means they are moving slightly less than the speed of light. Although neutrinos of different masses are in the same running line when they are generated, over time, the neutrinos with slightly larger masses will run slower and slower, gradually distancing themselves from the neutrinos with the least mass. When neutrino "wave packets" of different masses are large enough that they almost no longer overlap each other, the so-called quantum decoherence effect occurs, making neutrino oscillations (i.e., quantum coherence in which neutrinos of different "flavors" change periodically) no longer occur.

In addition, neutrinos are the shyest members of the family of elementary particles, and their interaction with matter is so weak that humans simply cannot feel the presence of hundreds of millions of neutrinos that cross the body every day. Photons are the ones that transmit electromagnetic forces.

The particles of the matter, so it can have a noticeable interaction with charged particles, and the free path in matter is much shorter than that of neutrinos.

For example, it is also produced by fusion in the center of the sun.

The photons and neutrinos, eventually the former due to the constant with dense electrons and nuclei.

While they are entangled with each other and cannot escape to the surface of the Sun, neutrinos can easily escape from the center of the Sun and fly to their detectors on Earth.

The mass of neutrinos has not been directly measured, and their size is unknown.

Photons, however, have mass.

1. Neutrinos are weakly acting particles, with super penetrating ability, they can easily penetrate stars and almost do not attenuate, such as the entire earth, of course, photons do not have this ability. Both of these are the speed of light.

2. Neutrinos are one of the most basic particles in nature, and are often represented by symbols. Neutrinos are uncharged, have a spin of 1 2, have a very light mass (less than one millionth of an electron), and move at close to the speed of light.

3. The photon mass is zero, and the neutrino mass is not zero (at least three neutrino masses are not all zero).

4. Photons participate in electromagnetic interactions, and neutrinos participate in weak interactions.

In terms of static mass, the static mass of a photon is 0 (which also means that a photon can only move at the speed of light, it is impossible to be stationary, and it cannot move at other speeds), while the static mass of a neutrino is very small, previously thought to be 0, but there is more and more evidence that it is not 0, but it has not been accurately measured so far (there are three neutrinos, and their static mass is not the same).So, the static mass of a photon is obviously smaller than that of a neutrino.

However, both photons and neutrinos have a kinetic mass, and the kinetic mass is related to their intrinsic vibrational frequency or velocity, and theoretically there is no upper limit to their kinetic mass. For example, the moving mass of a gamma photon is not only greater than the static mass of an electron, but even greater than the static mass of a proton; The same goes for high-energy neutrinos. At this time, it is necessary to analyze the specific situation and bring the beam excited, and it is not possible to simply say in general terms who has a large dynamic mass slag mold.

Later, the news said that the experiment was wrong and could not be faster than the speed of light.

The faster-than-light neutrino experiment made a low-level error, and scientists say Einstein's theory of relativity is still correct.

Italy's Opera project, which made global headlines last year for the discovery of neutrinos at faster-than-light events in its experiments, recently admitted that two mistakes may have affected the results of the experiment. Chinese scientists say the experiment made a "low-level mistake" and that the basic principles of relativity remain correct.

The results of the experiment shocked the world.

In September last year, Italy's OPERA neutrino research experiment found that neutrinos appear "faster than light", and neutrinos arrive 60 nanoseconds earlier than the speed of light. If this result is verified, it means that Einstein's special theory of relativity, the foundation of modern physics, will be seriously challenged, and mankind's understanding of time and space will have to start anew.

Since then, a large number of physicists have begun to study this phenomenon. Fermilab announced that it would repeat the experiment, and scientists from other laboratories of the Opera project also conducted independent experiments, but found that neutrinos did not exceed the speed of light.

On the 22nd, the official website of the authoritative scientific journal "Science" disclosed that an anonymous source familiar with the experiment revealed that the reason why neutrinos are faster than the speed of light is because the optical fiber connected to the GPS signal receiver is "poorly contacted".

The Opera project later issued a statement saying that it had identified two issues that could "seriously" affect the results of the experiment. The first problem is that the oscillator that sits between GPS synchronizations and gives neutrinos a manufacturing time tag; The second problem lies in the optical connection that transmits the external GPS signal to the Opera master clock. These two questions can affect the flight time of neutrinos.

Experimental errors are manageable.

Although the statement of the Opera project does not use the word "error", the scientific community has taken it as an official admission of a mistake in the experiment.

Chen Hesheng, director of the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, believes that this is a "low-level error" and is "within a controllable range". Chen Hesheng said that after the results of the Opera experiment came out, although some theorists were given room for imagination, most of the physics community was skeptical. "Scientists should have the ability to judge, even intuition, and analyze every step of the experiment to see if there are any errors.

Now it seems that the basic principles of the theory of relativity are correct. ”